I should also add that I tested with Amazon Correto

openjdk version "11.0.10" 2021-01-19 LTS
OpenJDK Runtime Environment Corretto-11.0.10.9.1 (build 11.0.10+9-LTS)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Corretto-11.0.10.9.1 (build 11.0.10+9-LTS, mixed mode)

This is what my employer has decided to use since AdoptOpenJDK doesn’t have 
access to the Java test kit so can’t be Java certified.  Although I have 
Oracle’s Java 11 installed I rarely use it due to the licensing issues.

Ralph

> On Apr 2, 2021, at 12:25 AM, Ralph Goers <[email protected]> wrote:
> 
> I will take a look at the link. What you are saying makes sense to a degree. 
> However, the new is actually performed in Instant.create() which is 2 levels 
> down in the call stack. Without having read the link I would wonder if that 
> qualifies.
> 
> Ralph
> 
>> On Apr 2, 2021, at 12:00 AM, Remko Popma <[email protected]> wrote:
>> 
>> My understanding is that PreciseClock is garbage-free because the JVM does
>> escape analysis.
>> Here is the relevant code:
>> 
>> public void init(MutableInstant mutableInstant) {
>>   Instant instant = java.time.Clock.systemUTC().instant();
>>   mutableInstant.initFromEpochSecond(instant.getEpochSecond(),
>> instant.getNano());
>> }
>> 
>> The code calls the instant() method, which returns an Instant object.
>> We would think that this is not garbage-free, but it magically is thanks to
>> escape analysis!
>> 
>> This Instant object is only used within the init(MutableInstant) method.
>> It is not allowed to "escape": the method accesses fields in Instant, and
>> passes these primitive values to the initFromEpochSecond method (and does
>> not pass the Instant object itself).
>> 
>> In theory, JVM escape analysis is able to detect that the object is not
>> referenced outside that method, and stops allocating the object altogether,
>> and instead does something called "scalar replacement", where it just uses
>> the values that are actually being used, without putting them in an object
>> first and then getting them out of the object again to use these values.
>> More details here: https://www.beyondjava.net/escape-analysis-java and
>> https://shipilev.net/jvm/anatomy-quarks/18-scalar-replacement/
>> 
>> I think I tested this on Java 9, and the
>> Google java-allocation-instrumenter library could not detect allocations.
>> 
>> Has that changed: do the garbage-free tests fail
>> for org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.SystemClock?
>> 
>> Note that when looking at this in a sampling profiler it may show
>> allocations. (We actually ran into this in a work project.)
>> Profiles tend to disable the optimizations that allow escape analysis, so
>> our method may show up as allocating when looked at in a profiler, while in
>> real life it will not (after sufficient warmup).
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> On Fri, Apr 2, 2021 at 2:46 PM Ralph Goers <[email protected]>
>> wrote:
>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>>> On Apr 1, 2021, at 10:38 PM, Ralph Goers <[email protected]>
>>> wrote:
>>>> 
>>>> In thinking about this problem I suspect we never noticed that the
>>> PreciseClock version of our SystemClock class is not garbage free is
>>> because we previously ran all of our unit tests with Java 8.  Now that they
>>> are using Java 11 that code is being exercised.
>>>> 
>>>> I’ve looked at java.time.Clock and java.time.Instant. As far as I know
>>> those are the only two classes in Java that provide sub-millisecond
>>> granularity. Unfortunately there is no way to call them to extract the
>>> field data we need to initialize MutableInstant. I considered modifying our
>>> version of SystemClock to perform the same actions as java.time’s
>>> SystemClock but the relevant method there calls
>>> jdk.internal.misc.VM.getNanoTimeAdjustment() to correct the sub-millisecond
>>> portion. That is implemented as a native method and seems to only be
>>> available to be called by an application when something like --add-opens
>>> java.base/jdk.internal.misc=xxx is on the command line.
>>>> 
>>>> I’ve also considered disabling the PreciseClock when garbage free mode
>>> is enabled but as far as I can tell we don’t have a single switch for that.
>>> So I would have to add yet another system property to control it.
>>> 
>>> One other option is to modify the documentation to indicate timestamps are
>>> not garbage free. But this seems awful since virtually every log event has
>>> one. It would make more sense to use the property to determine which to use
>>> so user’s who wish to be garbage free can continue with millisecond
>>> granularity.
>>> 
>>> Ralph
>>> 
> 
> 
> 


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