Reply to dsimcha,
Several people have griped in the past that D class methods are virtual by default. I've pointed out to them that you can get around this by making the methods final. However, this is a bit of a blunt instrument, because some use cases for a single class may call for polymorphism and other use cases for the same class may call for fast performance and no polymorphism. A possible solution is, given a class:class Foo { // Actual implementation. } final class FooFinal : Foo{ // Dummy that just makes Foo final. } And then, when you need performance and not polymorphism, you would invoke FooFinal instead of Foo. However, this requires manual forwarding of constructors and bloats the name space. A simple syntactic sugar solution to this dilemma that would add very little complexity to the language would be to allow final to describe a class instance, as well as a class. The following would apply to a final instance: 1. Method calls don't need to be virtual. 2. An instance of a subclass cannot be converted to a final instance of the base class. 3. A final instance can be implicitly converted to a non-final instance, but the opposite would not work. Using final as an instance attribute like this would also allow another useful feature: Storing class instances inline in arrays, structs, or other classes. Basically, by marking a class instance as final, you'd be telling the compiler that you do not need and are not using polymorphism in this case, even if the class hierarchy uses it for other use cases, and therefore, all relevant optimizations can be made.
You can't make an instance final without creating a new type (code bloat) because even if you can generate non virtual calls into the object, interior calls will still be virtual. One solution to this would be to rerun the code gen for the classes methods (and all base class methods) without virtual calls.
OTOH you could do that for even non-final types: generate a set of methods with (where possible) non-virtual internal calls (that could require re-running the code gen on base class methods) that is used only for this class and a set with virtual calls for types that derive from it. This would result in a lot more code but it could (depending on usage) be a lot faster code.
