On Friday, 11 May 2018 at 14:05:25 UTC, KingJoffrey wrote:

private is not private at all in D, and because of this, classes are fundamentally broken in D (by design apparently).

Now.. I really do have better ways to spend my time. I've made my point. Nobody who uses D seems to think in a similar way, apparently, so I leave it at that.

Classes are *not* broken in D. The module is the lowest level of encapsulation and provides exactly what encapsulation is supposed to provide -- the ability to hide the implementation from the outside world so that it may be changed without breaking the API. Being able to access private class members in the same module does not break encapsulation. If you make a change to the class that breaks something in the module, you have access to the module to fix what is broken. It's no different than what happens when you break code in the class itself, e.g this:

```
module m;

class Foo {
   private int x;
}

void manipFoo(Foo f) { f.x += 1; }
```

is no different than this:

```
module m;

class Foo {
   private int x;

   void manip() { x += 1; }
}
```

In both case, a change to the name or type of x can break the local functions and, in both cases, the person changing x has access to the local functions to fix the breakage. I don't see how putting the function outside or inside the class declaration makes any difference.

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