On Wednesday, 24 October 2012 at 02:41:53 UTC, bearophile wrote:
I have found a nice paper, "Extending a C-like Language for
Portable SIMD Programming", (2012), by Roland L., Sebastian
Hack and Ingo Wald:
http://www.cdl.uni-saarland.de/projects/vecimp/vecimp_tr.pdf
SIMD programming is necessary in a system language, or in any
language that wants to use the modern CPUs well. So languages
like C, C++, D (and Mono-C#) support such wider registers.
The authors of this paper have understood that it's also
important to make SIMD programming easy, almost as easy as
scalar code, so most programmers are able to write such kind of
correct code.
So this this paper presents ideas to better express SIMD
semantics in a C-like language. They introduce few new
constructs in a large subset of C language, with few ideas. The
result coding patterns seem easy enough (they are surely look
simpler than most multi-core coding patterns I've seen,
including Cilk+).
They present a simple scalar program in C:
struct data_t {
int key;
int other;
};
int search(data_t* data , int N) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
int x = data[i].key;
if (4 < x & x <= 8) return x;
}
return -1;
}
Then they explain the three most common ways to represent an
array of structs, here a struct that contains 3 values:
x0 y0 z0 x1 y1 z1 x2 y2 z2 x3 y3 z3 x4 y4 z4 x5 y5 z5 x6 y6 z6
x7 y7 z7
(a) Array of Structures (AoS)
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 z0 z1 z2 z3
z4 z5 z6 z7
(b) Structure of Arrays (SoA)
x0 x1 x2 x3 y0 y1 y2 y3 z0 z1 z2 z3 x4 x5 x6 x7 y4 y5 y6 y7 z4
z5 z6 z7
(c) Hybrid Structure of Arrays (Hybrid SoA)
They explain how the (c) is the preferred pattern in SIMD
programming.
Using the (c) data pattern they show how in C with (nice) SIMD
intrinsics you write vectorized code (a simd_data_t struct
instance contains 8 int values):
struct simd_data_t {
simd_int key;
simd_int other;
};
int search(simd_data_t* data , int N) {
for (int i = 0; i < N/L; ++i) {
simd_int x = load(data[i].key);
simd_int cmp = simd_and(simd_lt(4, x),
simd_le(x, 8));
int mask = simd_to_mask(cmp);
if (mask != 0) {
simd_int result = simd_and(mask , x);
for (int j = 0; j < log2(L); j++)
result = simd_or(result ,
whole_reg_shr(result , 1 << j));
return simd_extract(result , 0);
}
}
return -1;
}
D should do become able to do this (that is not too much bad),
or better.
Their C language extensions allow to write nicer code like:
struct data_t {
int key;
int other;
};
int search(data_t *scalar data , int scalar N) {
int L = lengthof(*data);
for (int i = 0; i < N/L; ++i) {
int x = data[i].key;
if (4 < x & x <= 8)
int block[L] result = [x, 0];
scalar {
for (int j = 0; j < log2(L); ++j)
result |= whole_reg_shr(result , 1 << j);
return get(x, 0);
}
}
return -1;
}
This is based on just few simple ideas, explained in the paper
(they are interesting, but quoting here those parts of the
paper is not a good idea). Such ideas are not directly portable
to D (unless the front-end is changed. Their compiler works by
lowering, and emits regular C++ code with intrinsics).
Near the end of the paper they also propose some C++ library
code:
the C++ template mechanism would allow to define a hybrid SoA
container class: Similar to std::vector which abstracts a
traditional C array, one could implement a wrapper around a T
block[N]*:<
// scalar context throughout this example
struct vec3 { float x, y, z; };
// vec3 block[N]* pointing to ceil(n/N) elements
hsoa <vec3 > vecs(n);
// preferred vector length of vec3 automatically derived
static const int N = hsoa <vec3 >::vector_length;
int i = /*...*/
hsoa <vec3 >::block_index ii = /*...*/
vec3 v = vecs[i]; // gather
vecs[i] = v; // scatter
vec3 block[N] w = vecs[ii]; // fetch whole block
hsoa <vec3 >::ref r = vecs[i]; // get proxy to a scalar
r = v; // pipe through proxy
// for each element
vecs.foreach([](vec3& scalar v) { /*...*/ });
Regardless of the other ideas of their C-like language, a
similar struct should be added to Phobos once a bit higher
level SIMD support is in better shape in D. Supporting
Hybrid-SoA and few operations on it will be an important but
probably quite short and simple addition to Phobos collections
(it's essentially an struct that acts like an array, with few
simple extra operations).
I think no commonly used language allows both very simple and
quite efficient SIMD programming (Scala, CUDA, C, C++, C#,
Java, Go, and currently Rust too, are not able to support SIMD
programming well. I think currently Haskell too is not
supporting it well, but Haskell is very flexible, and it's
compiled by a native compiler, so such things are maybe
possible to add). So supporting it well in D will be an
interesting selling point of D. (Supporting a very simple SIMD
coding in D will make D more widespread, but such kind of
programming will probably keep being a small niche).
Bye,
bearophile
Actually, I am yet to see any language that has SIMD as part of
the language standard and not as an extension where each vendor
does its own way.