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Hundred Years War (1337 - 1453)
Date(s): 1337 - 1453
Description:
The Hundred Years War was a series of
engagments between England in France from 1337 to
1453. During the early phases England won most of
the battles. In 1429, the French gained the upper
hand and expelled English troops from France
except for Calais.
Please visit our Hundred Years War section for
more detailed information.
http://www.ehistory.com/middleages/hundredyearswar/overview.cfm
Principal Battles:
1340 Sluys (24 Jun 1340) English
victory
1346 Crecy (26 Aug 1346) English victory
1346 Calais, Siege of ( Sep 1346) English
victory
1356 Poiters (19 Sep 1356) English victory
1364 Auray (30 Sep 1364) English victory
1367 Navarrette (3 Apr 1367) English victory
1380 Chateauneuf-de-Randon ( 1380)
1387 Margate (24 Mar 1387)
1415 Harfleur, Siege of ( Aug 1415) English
victory
1415 Agincourt (25 Oct 1415) English victory
1418 Rouen, Siege of ( Jul 1418)
1421 Beauge (21 Mar 1421) French victory
1423 Cravant (1 Aug 1423)
1424 Verneuil (17 Aug 1424) English victory
1428 Orleans, Siege of ( 1428) French
victory
1429 Rouvray (12 Feb 1429)
1429 Jargeau (12 Jun 1429) French victory
1429 Patay (18 Jun 1429) French victory
1449 Rouen (29 Oct 1449)
1450 Formigny (15 Apr 1450) French victory
1450 Castillon (17 Jul 1450) French victory
The Hundred Years War, lasting from 1337 until
1453, was a defining time for the history of both
England and France. The war started in May 1337
when King Philip VI of France attempted to
confiscate the English territories in the duchy
of Aquitaine (located Southwestern France). It
ended in July 1453 when the French finally
expelled the English from the continent (except
for Calais) by force. The Hundred Years War were
a series of chevauchees (plundering raids),
sieges and naval battles interspersed with truces
and uneasy peace.
One of the main causes of the Hundred Years War
centered on the relationship between the Kings of
France and England regarding the duchy of
Aquitaine located in Southwestern France. In
1259, the Treaty of Paris designated that Henry
III (1216 - 1270) held the duchy as a fief of the
French King. Henry was a vassal of the King of
France and, therefore, was required to pay liege
homage to the king. (This meant that the King of
England was required to do homage whenever the
kingship of either England or France changed
hands.) However, Henry was the King of England;
how could a king be a in turn be a vassal?
Control over the French throne further
complicated matters. In 1328, Charles IV, King of
France, died without a male heir. Edward III, the
King of England, held claim to the throne via his
mother who was Charles' sister. The other
important claimant was head of the Valois house
(Philip VI) grandson of Philip III. Philip VI
gained the throne and moved to confiscate
Aquitaine in order to consolidate his power.
Edward led a raid into French territory in 1338
to defend his claim and two years later declared
himself the true king of France.
>From the beginning of the war (1337) until the
battle of Orleans (1428-29), the English won many
victories including the decisive battles of
Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt. The English used a
new method of warefare by combining forces of
longbowmen with dismounted men-at-arms with much
success.
In 1429, at the siege of Orleans the French
finally gained the upperhand. Joan of Arc led a
relief force which successfully defeated the
English. For the next 25 years, the French
defeated the English at many engagements and the
English retreated from France except for Calais.
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