Here is a problem that is quite tricky. Starting at a radius R_o, a hop is made of length from the current point to the origin (R_o), in a random, uniform direction, in 2d. This take us to a new point, with distance to the origin R_1. The next hop is then of length R_1, in a random uniform direction, etc. Show that X_n=log(R_n)-log(R_(n-1)) are i.i.d. random variables, with mean zero, and finite variance. Francis. -- __________________________________ Francis Sweeney Dept. of Aero/Astro Stanford U. ================================================================= Instructions for joining and leaving this list and remarks about the problem of INAPPROPRIATE MESSAGES are available at http://jse.stat.ncsu.edu/ =================================================================