Wenting, You are correct: there are no restrictions on your business model: you can run an Open edX instance, and charge users however you like.
--Ned. On Mon, Aug 1, 2016 at 1:23 PM, Wenting Ma <[email protected]> wrote: > Hi Ned, > > Hope you are doing well. It has been a long time since we last talked. > Thanks for sharing me those insights before. > > Now I have my portal up running with some courses in the pipeline to be > added. I have one more question regarding commercial use of openedx. Based > on our previous discussion, all constrictions come from AGPL that when > modifying the code, we need to share it. Then, when there is no code > change, we have the freedom to use it commercially. When I say > commercially, I mean I can freely use it to charge individual students for > the courses on the portal, and charge corporate members with monthly > subscription etc.. There is no restriction how you run your business or the > business model you choose. Is this understanding correct? Please advise. > Thanks! > > Best, > Wenting > > On Thu, Jan 21, 2016 at 9:56 AM, Ned Batchelder <[email protected]> wrote: > >> Hi Wenting, >> >> For #1, we don't have a good way to extend the profile. The fields there >> now are part of the database schema. If you need to add more fields, you >> will be changing the Django models, and that may be difficult to maintain >> as you try to upgrade to future releases of Open edX. >> >> For #4, I'm not sure what is already possible. Perhaps others who are >> closer to the problem can comment. Depending on how you wanted the >> experience to work, I suppose you could write an XBlock that provided the >> navigation, but I'm not sure it would be as smooth as you would like. >> >> --Ned. >> >> On Wed, Jan 20, 2016 at 6:04 PM, Wenting Ma <[email protected]> wrote: >> >>> Hi Ned, >>> >>> Thanks a lot for your reply. >>> >>> For #1, I will wait for your further update. >>> >>> For #4, what I meant is as the course content are broken into smaller >>> "learning objects" and they are structured in a tree structure. If I want >>> to enable the feature of using a learning object residing in course A in >>> course B, which is essentially cross-referencing the learning object from >>> one course to another, which component should I modify, LMS or Xblock? >>> >>> Thanks again for your informative reply. >>> >>> Best, >>> Wenting >>> >>> On Wed, Jan 20, 2016 at 4:11 PM, Ned Batchelder <[email protected]> wrote: >>> >>>> Hi Wenting, I was just coming back to your message when I saw your plea >>>> for a response! Sorry it's taken so long. My comments are interspersed >>>> below, >>>> >>>> --Ned. >>>> >>>> >>>> On Fri, Jan 15, 2016 at 12:43 PM, Wenting Ma <[email protected]> >>>> wrote: >>>> >>>>> Thanks for your quick reply, Ned. I really love OpenEdx and am hoping >>>>> to contribute back to openEdx as we benefit from it and the community, >>>>> also >>>>> meanwhile meet our project goal. I just need to understand it more and see >>>>> how those dual goals can be met. Here are some further discussions to your >>>>> replies: >>>>> >>>>> For #1, to extend user profile, I believe there is a User API >>>>> <http://edx.readthedocs.org/projects/edx-platform-api/en/latest/user/index.html>. >>>>> I just do not know how flexible it is to extend it with a few more >>>>> variables capturing user chars. How is this User API different from the >>>>> actual user profile component as you advised? >>>>> >>>> >>>> I'm not sure the User API you linked to can be extended from the >>>> outside. I'll get more information about it. >>>> >>>> For #2, I believe there is a student progress >>>>> <https://edx.readthedocs.org/projects/open-edx-building-and-running-a-course/en/named-release-birch/running_course/course_grades.html#check-student-progress> >>>>> feature. I am not sure if this is under enrollment API, or it is under a >>>>> particular xblock? >>>>> >>>> >>>> That feature is implemented in the LMS, without an API or an XBlock. >>>> If you wanted to change it, you would be changing the core LMS code. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>> For #4, I know in the xblocks, course contents are organized in the >>>>> tree structure. In the current design, it allows to be referenced across >>>>> courses. For this kind of references, where should changes be made, to LMS >>>>> or studio ? >>>>> >>>> >>>> I don't understand the question. You want to add cross-course >>>> references? >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>> >>>>> One question for contributing to OpenEdx, when I develop new code to >>>>> OpenEdx, as required by AGPL, how often do I need to merge it to the main >>>>> repositories or I just need to make it available to the public? What is >>>>> the >>>>> process of doing it? What about the component under other licenses? >>>>> >>>> >>>> The AGPL license requires that you make your source code public. You >>>> are not required to contribute it back to Open edX, although of course, the >>>> whole eco-system grows larger and stronger if people contribute what >>>> they've done. The other license at work here is Apache. When you change >>>> Apache-licensed code, you are not required to make your changes public. >>>> You should really consult a lawyer if you are concerned about the details. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>> >>>>> I would like to really learn openEdx inside out and understand it >>>>> thoroughly. In addition to the openEdx developer guide, are there any good >>>>> developer training materials available to me to get deeper into openEdx? >>>>> Do >>>>> you have any advice how to best learn OpenEdx? I have run a sandbox myself >>>>> so I can explore more by playing with it. >>>>> >>>> >>>> Open edX is a large Python/Django application. Learning more about >>>> Python and Django will help you work in Open edX. I think you've done a >>>> good job finding the developer materials that are specifically about Open >>>> edX. >>>> >>>> Again, sorry for the delay, >>>> >>>> --Ned. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>> >>>>> Thanks again for your help! >>>>> >>>>> Best, >>>>> Wenting >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> On Thu, Jan 14, 2016 at 10:03 AM, Ned Batchelder <[email protected]> wrote: >>>>> >>>>>> Wenting, I appreciate your careful approach to this sometimes >>>>>> difficult question. To answer each component in turn: >>>>>> >>>>>> 1. To extend user profiles, I believe you will have to change the >>>>>> core code. This would be AGPL. Perhaps the profile is already >>>>>> extendible, >>>>>> and I'm behind the times :) >>>>>> 2. I'm not sure what it means to "extend student progress", but that >>>>>> is outside the courseware, and so will require core changes. AGPL. >>>>>> 3. If you can do the event tracking you need using the existing Event >>>>>> tracking API, then your code can live in a separate repo under whatever >>>>>> license you want, including closed-source. >>>>>> 4. "Customized learning path" sounds intricate. I imagine that will >>>>>> need core changes under AGPL. >>>>>> 5. A library of learning objects sounds like a separate application, >>>>>> which could be licensed as you want. MIT is working on something called >>>>>> LORE to support this. >>>>>> >>>>>> As always, I encourage you to build what you can in a sharable way. >>>>>> Not only is it a way to give back to the community that gave you Open >>>>>> edX, >>>>>> but it means others will use and improve what you have built, and you >>>>>> will >>>>>> get the benefit of their work again. >>>>>> >>>>>> --Ned. >>>>>> >>>>>> On Wed, Jan 13, 2016 at 11:33 PM, Wenting Ma <[email protected]> >>>>>> wrote: >>>>>> >>>>>>> Hi Ned, >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Thanks for all your informative notes. I have read related online >>>>>>> docs for extending OpenEdx. In the following I have some inquiries about >>>>>>> what components we should use to extend OpenEdx. Could you please help? >>>>>>> Will those proposed changes be under AGPL or be on our own application? >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> 1. To extend *user profiles* to add more defining parameters to >>>>>>> capture student characterics- should we extend User API? >>>>>>> 2. To extend *student progress*, what kind of component should >>>>>>> we extend? >>>>>>> 3. For *event tracking*, if we extend it through Event tracking >>>>>>> API, is the new code under AGPL? >>>>>>> 4. Build customized learning path for individual learners - any >>>>>>> existing component to build on? >>>>>>> 5. Extending Individuals' learning repositories - display a >>>>>>> library of learning objects - any existing component to build on? >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Thanks in advance! >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Best, >>>>>>> Wenting >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> On Tue, Dec 22, 2015 at 10:37 PM, Ned Batchelder <[email protected]> >>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Comments below: >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> On Tue, Dec 22, 2015 at 4:58 PM, Wenting Ma <[email protected]> >>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Thanks for sharing your insight, Ned. Our target is to build an >>>>>>>>> educational portal on which instructors can offer courses to >>>>>>>>> students, so >>>>>>>>> the structure of the platform is definitely a selling point to >>>>>>>>> investors, >>>>>>>>> plus the # of users and traffic to the site. >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> I do not think it is sensible to build my own system from the >>>>>>>>> scratch especially there are already many powerful ones like OpenEdx. >>>>>>>>> You >>>>>>>>> mentioned creating more extension points so we are able to use those >>>>>>>>> extension points to create our own closed-source extensions. I would >>>>>>>>> like >>>>>>>>> to explore more in this aspect. Is there any documentation available >>>>>>>>> to >>>>>>>>> show the process of doing this? How difficulty and how long will it >>>>>>>>> take >>>>>>>>> for Edx to integrate changes done by external developers? Also, why >>>>>>>>> does >>>>>>>>> the extensions using those extension points (under AGPL) can be >>>>>>>>> closed-source? >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Adding extension points is not a well-defined task. It requires >>>>>>>> understanding the structure of the existing code, and the variety of >>>>>>>> extensions that might be added. You have to define the way those >>>>>>>> extensions might be the same, and then create an API to support them. >>>>>>>> This >>>>>>>> is in essence what we have done with XBlocks: what is the same about >>>>>>>> all >>>>>>>> courseware components? Make those things available via the XBlock API. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Our licensing strategy has been to use the Apache license for >>>>>>>> APIs, so that new code written against those APIs can be closed-source >>>>>>>> if >>>>>>>> need be. If you design new APIs to support the kinds of extensions >>>>>>>> you are >>>>>>>> envisioning, we can adopt a similar model. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> My last question, out of curiosity, is there a way to bypass AGPL >>>>>>>>> for OpenEdx, e.g. we pay for an instance of OpenEdx ? >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> EdX does not offer Open edX under any other license. Our code >>>>>>>> that is AGPL-licensed is only available under the terms of the AGPL. >>>>>>>> We >>>>>>>> are committed to an open-source sharing model, and encourage others to >>>>>>>> do >>>>>>>> the same. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> You should carefully consider the open model in any case. You >>>>>>>> mention that the structure of the platform is a selling point to >>>>>>>> investors. I think the value of the idea is often overestimated, >>>>>>>> compared >>>>>>>> to the value of the execution. That is, what you do with open-source >>>>>>>> software is more important than the software itself. The number of >>>>>>>> users, >>>>>>>> and traffic to the site, will be the same regardless of the license >>>>>>>> you are >>>>>>>> under. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> Think of it this way: someone could say, "How can edX make money if >>>>>>>> they give their software away? Why wouldn't Coursera just take the >>>>>>>> open-source code from edX, and run a competing site?" EdX makes money >>>>>>>> anyway, because of the value of the institutions and courses on >>>>>>>> edx.com. Coursera doesn't use edX software, because they think >>>>>>>> they can do it better. The software itself is important, but what we >>>>>>>> do >>>>>>>> with it is more important. The same is probably true of your ideas. >>>>>>>> How >>>>>>>> you execute them, and the relationships you build with your >>>>>>>> instructors and >>>>>>>> learners, are going to be the main value of your endeavor. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> I hope you choose Open edX. I hope you share with the world. Let >>>>>>>> us know how we can help. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> --Ned. >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Thanks again for your help! >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> Best, >>>>>>>>> Wenting >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> On Tue, Dec 22, 2015 at 10:18 AM, Ned Batchelder <[email protected]> >>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> Wenting, >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> The thing to think about here is what your customers will be >>>>>>>>>> paying for, and therefore what your investors will be investing in. >>>>>>>>>> Is it >>>>>>>>>> the structure of the education tool, or is it the content of the >>>>>>>>>> courses? >>>>>>>>>> Your courses do not have to be open-sourced, and your XBlocks that >>>>>>>>>> let you >>>>>>>>>> innovate with tools inside your courses do not have to be >>>>>>>>>> open-sourced. >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> If the innovations that will set you apart are outside of the >>>>>>>>>> courseware, there is another option besides writing your own >>>>>>>>>> education >>>>>>>>>> system from scratch. You can work on Open edX to create more >>>>>>>>>> extension >>>>>>>>>> points, contribute those changes back under AGPL, and then create >>>>>>>>>> your own >>>>>>>>>> closed-source extensions built on those new extension points. This >>>>>>>>>> is not >>>>>>>>>> a simple thing, but neither is building your own education system >>>>>>>>>> from >>>>>>>>>> scratch. >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> If you start from scratch, you will be on your own, and will have >>>>>>>>>> to build everything yourself. Want a badging system? Build it from >>>>>>>>>> scratch. Want adaptive learning? Build it. Want rich analytics. >>>>>>>>>> Build it >>>>>>>>>> yourself. >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> If you extend Open edX to create more extension points, you still >>>>>>>>>> get the benefit of the work that everyone else is doing on Open edX. >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> --Ned. >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> On Tue, Dec 22, 2015 at 10:04 AM, Wenting Ma <[email protected]> >>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> Thanks for your reply, Ned. Originally we are thinking of using >>>>>>>>>>> openedx and have some customization based on our needs. However, >>>>>>>>>>> since it >>>>>>>>>>> requires us to publicize all source code, it is a concern for us to >>>>>>>>>>> get >>>>>>>>>>> some future investment as we do not think any investors would like >>>>>>>>>>> that. >>>>>>>>>>> OpenEdx is definitely a great platform that we can base on but it >>>>>>>>>>> is hard >>>>>>>>>>> for us to adopt it with its current AGPL license. Therefore, I am >>>>>>>>>>> exploring >>>>>>>>>>> to see if there are any options to build openEdx from scratch using >>>>>>>>>>> xBlock >>>>>>>>>>> as we really like openEdx. >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> The other option I guess is probably pack all our customization >>>>>>>>>>> as Xblock so we can build our site using openEdx but all >>>>>>>>>>> customization is >>>>>>>>>>> under Apache license so we can decide whether to make it opensource >>>>>>>>>>> later >>>>>>>>>>> on. >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> Do you have any suggestions given our situation? >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> Best, >>>>>>>>>>> Wenting >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> On Tue, Dec 22, 2015 at 7:09 AM, Ned Batchelder <[email protected]> >>>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> Wenting, you could build a learning platform from scratch if >>>>>>>>>>>> you want. But why would you? You can use Open edX to run >>>>>>>>>>>> commercial sites >>>>>>>>>>>> if you like. Is there something Open edX doesn't do that you >>>>>>>>>>>> need? And do >>>>>>>>>>>> you need to keep your code secret? >>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> --Ned. >>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> On Mon, Dec 21, 2015 at 6:18 PM, Wenting Ma <[email protected] >>>>>>>>>>>> > wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Hi David, >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Based on what you said, since Xblock is under Apache license >>>>>>>>>>>>> which does not require me to open source the customization I >>>>>>>>>>>>> develop in >>>>>>>>>>>>> future, is it possible to build a learning platform from scratch >>>>>>>>>>>>> similar to >>>>>>>>>>>>> openedx using those modules? >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> Best, >>>>>>>>>>>>> Wenting >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> On Monday, 22 September 2014 11:27:50 UTC-4, Prasad Joshi >>>>>>>>>>>>> wrote: >>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hello All, >>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> I am planning to build a commercial LMS services. While >>>>>>>>>>>>>> looking for OpenSource LMS platforms, I came across OpenEDX. I >>>>>>>>>>>>>> liked the >>>>>>>>>>>>>> http://edx.org as compared to other OpenSource alternatives. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> However, it wasn't clear to me whether I should be able to >>>>>>>>>>>>>> provide >>>>>>>>>>>>>> commercial services using OpenEDX. It seems to me that OpenEDX >>>>>>>>>>>>>> intend to >>>>>>>>>>>>>> implement Free online courses. I would like to know current >>>>>>>>>>>>>> commercial >>>>>>>>>>>>>> offerings built on top of OpenEDX. If not, does the license >>>>>>>>>>>>>> support >>>>>>>>>>>>>> building such (not free) services. >>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Thanks and Regards, >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Prasad >>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>> -- >>>>>>>>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the >>>>>>>>>>>>> Google Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>>>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>>>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/b9b533e4-5d15-4412-8c3d-a88b70949c7a%40googlegroups.com >>>>>>>>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/b9b533e4-5d15-4412-8c3d-a88b70949c7a%40googlegroups.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>>>>>>>> . >>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>> -- >>>>>>>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic >>>>>>>>>>>> in the Google Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNML7A3bQxeS6MVKc5wtoWDXY-oAqD4xBq6ZJHh-rxNBZA%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>>>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNML7A3bQxeS6MVKc5wtoWDXY-oAqD4xBq6ZJHh-rxNBZA%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>>>>>>> . >>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>> -- >>>>>>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the >>>>>>>>>>> Google Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrQCQXpAbexnhL7fF0brYw2erM6qFbNizQK%3DetfrMTBxSw%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrQCQXpAbexnhL7fF0brYw2erM6qFbNizQK%3DetfrMTBxSw%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>>>>>> . >>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> -- >>>>>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic >>>>>>>>>> in the Google Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNOCNkoPR2vOp%3DGHhBnJCHpe12K0xrT4vcVzQGyrM3Li_Q%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNOCNkoPR2vOp%3DGHhBnJCHpe12K0xrT4vcVzQGyrM3Li_Q%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>>>>> . >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> -- >>>>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google >>>>>>>>> Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrTdZQd%3DSHcUtL%2BSTHY5vaDjcea%2BJq-U%3De-w%3DYp%2BUK809g%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrTdZQd%3DSHcUtL%2BSTHY5vaDjcea%2BJq-U%3De-w%3DYp%2BUK809g%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>>>> . >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> >>>>>>>> -- >>>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in >>>>>>>> the Google Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNNdBV5ZJHTe%2BDD%3DLvLQa9SG4hq5FbVvnVYYwu1433qnzA%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNNdBV5ZJHTe%2BDD%3DLvLQa9SG4hq5FbVvnVYYwu1433qnzA%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>>> . >>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> -- >>>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google >>>>>>> Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrRG%3D8P%3Dv3XtqU2R0kzeJo5_3pZ%2BK%2Bs9nF8X_btRgk-yCQ%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrRG%3D8P%3Dv3XtqU2R0kzeJo5_3pZ%2BK%2Bs9nF8X_btRgk-yCQ%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>>> . >>>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> -- >>>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in >>>>>> the Google Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNOYXcqPYa_ndbyK0%3D3NGsgwBdNk4yH6E5fOzsW2-jawOA%40mail.gmail.com >>>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CAGtJPNOYXcqPYa_ndbyK0%3D3NGsgwBdNk4yH6E5fOzsW2-jawOA%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>>> . >>>>>> >>>>> >>>>> -- >>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google >>>>> Groups "General Open edX discussion" group. >>>>> To view this discussion on the web visit >>>>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrTzvFG6s8MpNuidKyPWzPS6_%2BuTxukmk8NuWH-Ai9K%3D_A%40mail.gmail.com >>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/edx-code/CABYXnrTzvFG6s8MpNuidKyPWzPS6_%2BuTxukmk8NuWH-Ai9K%3D_A%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >>>>> . >>>>> >>>> >>>> -- >>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to a topic in the >>>> Google 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