Lorrie Cranor's website about her DSV voting system describes some ways of estimating the Pij from the vote totals in a poll (or in a previous election with the same candidates). Here's the URL for the Pivotal Probabilities article: http://www.research.att.com/~lorrie/pubs/diss/node13.htm#SECTION00520000000000000000 The overall website is about DSV, which is a system that, based on each voter's expressed utilities, calculates that voter's best strategy in a Plurality election, and casts his vote in that election. Then, using those vote totals, it calculates new Pij, and new Plurality strategies, till the result doesn't change from one count to the next. It seems too complicated for public elections, and too difficult to get accepted. And it might have strategy problems. But the Pivotal Probabilities article is interesting. Hoffman's method involves more dimensions of outcome-space as we add more candidates. That isn't true of Cranor's method. Mike Ossipoff _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com