When I said that, with 2-level balloting there's always a beats-all candidate, who always wins in Approval, someone could say that the same is true of Plurality. Sure, but Plurality doesn't have free 2-level voting, so none of this means much for Plurality.
Likewise, when I defined emphatic preferences and emphatic Condorcet Criterion. Someone could say, "You could take that a step farther and define Plurality-preferences, etc. You could, but the same answer applies: Plurality doesn't have 2-level balloting that voters can use as they wish. Plurality has its "All but one must get bottom rating" restriction that makes comparisons meaningless. Mike Ossipoff ---- election-methods mailing list - see http://electorama.com/em for list info
