ENB on the side – 1st Meeting of the Parties serving as the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and 11th Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - Issue #4
PUBLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (IISD) in cooperation with the UNFCCC Secretariat Written by: Asmita Bhardwaj Alice Bisiaux Robynne Boyd Twig Johnson, Ph.D. Peter Wood Editor: Lisa Schipper, Ph.D. <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Director of IISD Reporting Services: Langston James "Kimo" Goree VI <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Volume 17, Issue #4 Friday, 2 December 2005 Online at http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop11/ Events convened on Thursday, 1 November 2005 Title: Technology in action Presented by the International Chamber of Commerce Arthur Smith, NiSource, described the combined heat and power technology developed by his company, which manufactures micro turbines for commercial, institutional and small industrial customers. He noted that this highly efficient technology is compatible with solar and fuel cell usage. David Schnaars, Solar Turbines, detailed the advantages of gas turbines produced by his company, underscoring their high efficiency, and low carbon emissions profile and maintenance costs. Thomas Weber, Jupiter Oxygen Corporation, explained how Oxy-Fuel technology enables a 70% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by using pure oxygen and eliminating nitrogen from combustion, which in turn reduces production costs and pollution. Mark Schoenfield, Jupiter Oxygen Corporation, addressed the transfer of the Oxy-Fuel technology to other uses, including steam generation and coal fired power plants. He explained that this technology makes carbon dioxide more concentrated, which renders its capture easier and cheaper, as recognized by the IPCC. Yoshito Izumi, Taiheiyo Cement Corporation, outlined carbon dioxide reduction opportunities in the cement industry, including efficient technologies and transition from wet to dry kilns. He stressed the importance of transferring these technologies to China and India, that represent 50% of cement production worldwide. Masayuki Sasanouchi, Toyota Motor Corporation, argued that the automobile industry should improve its performance in response to the increase in emissions from consumers. He listed some examples of clean technologies, such as fuel cells, and indicated that a market-based approach is the most effective in diversifying technologies. Noting the increase in energy consumption, Nicole Dellero, Areva, described the advances in nuclear sector, including daily controlled risks at the installations, waste management, and safety. She indicated that nuclear energy represents a 10% carbon dioxide emission reduction worldwide, and argued that nuclear power generation already contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and could be further developed. Nick Campbell, ICC, emphasized that the majority of research in the field of clean technology is carried out by profitable businesses and that their transfer should be enhanced. Discussion: Sasanouchi underlined the importance of consumer acceptance, explaining that a demand for increased acceleration power of hybrid vehicles implies increased emissions. Participants also discussed obstacles to transferring clean technologies to Chinese and Indian cement industries. More information: http://www.nisourceenergytechnologies.com http://mysolar.cat.com http://www.jupiteroxygen.com http://www.taiheiyo-cement.co.jp/english/ http://www.toyota.com http:// areva.com http://www.iccwbo.org http://www.bcse.org http://www.wbcsd.org Contacts: Arthur Smith <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> David Schnaars <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Thomas Weber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Mark Schoenfield <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Yoshito Izumi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Masayuki Sasanouchi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Nicole Dellero <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Nick Campbell <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Tod Delaney <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Laurent Corbier <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Capacity Building Needs in EIT’s Presented by the Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe Ivona Grozeva, Ministry of Environment and Water, Bulgaria, described challenges associated with reducing emissions by 8% in relation to 1988 levels. She stated that low political support has led to limited resources to address needed improvements in the legal and institutional framework. Olga Gassan-zade, Point Carbon, Ukraine, said capacity building is critical to fulfilling obligations under both the UNFCCC and Kyoto, and stressed the need to increase awareness and political will. She underlined the importance for EIT countries to be able to use Kyoto mechanisms. Gunnay Apak, UNDP, Turkey, noted Turkey has been active in building capacity, identifying priorities, and raising awareness through roundtable discussions. Yunus Arkan, Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), outlined progress achieved in Turkey with regards to awareness raising, and improving access to information and public participation on climate change issues. Maria Khovanskaia, REC, presented needs identified at a recent REC workshop held in Budapest, including capacity building to support: reporting requirements, implementation of flexibility mechanisms; and raising public awareness. Zsuzsa Ivanyi, REC, identified the needs of Western Balkan countries under UNFCCC and Kyoto, including those related to: EU accession; GHG inventories; technology transfer; awareness and education; and development of regional programmes. More information: http://www.rec.org http://iklimnet.org Contacts: Ivona Grozeva <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Olga Gassan-zade <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Gunnay Apak <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Yunus Arkan <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Maria Khovanskaia <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Zsuzsa Ivanyi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Near-term shaping actions to achieve long-term climate protection goals Presented by RAND Robert Lempert, RAND, said the ability to shape society’s path towards longer-term goals is the most important impact of near-term climate policy. He presented “robust shaping strategies”, an approach aimed at US decision-makers to identify near-term steps for achieving multiple goals over a wide range of scenarios by identifying small steps leading to radical future changes. He said such policies should increase participatory incentives. Lempert also described a RAND study focused internationally on near-term incremental steps and incentives to participate. He said these measures should be inexpensive in the near term, avoid commitment to higher long-term emissions, expand technology options, build convergent regulatory institutions, and promote capacity to adapt. Vicki Arroyo, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, described 2030 energy scenarios jointly elaborated with the Global Business Network. She indicated that the scenario based on assuming plentiful oil and gas will require greatest future effort. The other two, based on technology breakthroughs and increasing turbulence in the world respectively, got greater emission reduction results. She stated that a related study looking towards 2050 developed recommendations in five key technologies allowing the US to transition to a low carbon economy. More information: http://www.rand.org http://www.pewclimate.org Contacts: Robert Lempert <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Vicki Arroyo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> David Groves <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Preparing for climate change Presented by the University of East Anglia Emily Boyd, Stockholm University, presented research findings on various adaptation activities in the UK, emphasizing that adaptation, while occurring, is difficult to achieve. She noted the difficulty of evaluating the cost of adaptation and called for mechanisms to support local adaptations. Henny Osbahr, Oxford University, highlighted key findings of the ADAPTIVE project which examined elements for successful adaptation to climate change in natural resource dependent communities. Irene Lorenzoni, University of East Anglia, described how people’s perception of the dangers of climate change affects their response. She stated that individuals respond to short-term events, but do not make long term behavioral shifts and that climate change is not viewed as dangerous at the individual level. She called for simultaneous structural changes throughout society to promote adaptation. Emma Tompkins, Tyndall Centre, outlined actions to survive climate change in small islands including reducing physical and social vulnerability through local management. Noting that enough information exists, she urged taking immediate preparedness actions. Discussion: participants addressed: the transferability of successful adaptation strategies; acceptance of climate change over time; effective individual action; monitoring adaptation; and the link between adaptation and mitigation. More information: http://www.su.se/ http://tyndall.e-collaboration.co.uk http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cer/welcome.html http://african-environments.ouce.ox.ac.uk/ http://www.tyndall.ac.uk Contacts: Emily Boyd <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Henny Osbahr <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Irene Lorenzoni <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Emma Tompkins <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Market Perspectives on the CDM Reforms Presented by the Business Council for Sustainable Energy Tod Delaney, Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE), provided a brief overview of the BCSE and its position regarding the CDM. Dick Ballhorn, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada, expressed hope for better funding of the Executive Board (EB), incorporation of changes in the additionality tool, and institutional reform of the CDM EB. Marcelo Junqueira, Econergy Brazil, highlighted his company’s CDM initiatives and regretted that the CDM approval process is time consuming, complex and bureaucratic. Julie Smith, Enel North America, highlighted the need for clarity in the definition of sustainable development criteria and CDM project eligibility. Mark Trexler, Trexler Climate and Energy Services, emphasized that additionality cannot be maximized for all criteria and thus policymakers need to specify them. Steve Koch, NAIMA Canada, noted the need for adopting simple and clear rules for project developers and certifiers. John Drexhage, IISD, noted that the CDM has great potential to deliver development oriented benefits, “a development dividend,” provided that certain reforms are instituted. John Kadyszewski, Winrock International, highlighted that it is possible to tune the CDM process to prioritize sectors where development benefits are the greatest. Nancy Bacon, Energy Conversion Devices, illustrated their project on a new photovoltaic technology and questioned how renewable energy technologies could be included in the CDM. More information: http://www.econergry.com.br http://enel.int/northamerica/company.asp http://www.climateservices.com http://www.naimacanada.ca http://www.iisd.org/climate/global/dividend.asp http://www.winrock.org http://www.ovonic.com Contacts: Tod Delaney <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Dick Ballhorn <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Marcelo Junquiera <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Julie Smith <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Mark Trexler <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Stephen Koch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> John Drexhage <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> John Kadyszewski <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Nancy Bacon <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Geothermal energy: available technologies and techno-economic potential between 2008 and 2012 Presented by Energy Strategies Hermann Halozan, International Energy Agency, described the objectives and activities of his Agency’s heat pump (HP) programme, and legal and economic barriers to overcome. Shawn Xu, University of Missouri-Columbia, noted energy savings that could be achieved if China adopted HPs on a large scale. He highlighted the cost-efficiency of HPs, and noted obstacles to adoption such as high densities and lack of a trained labor force. He described penetration strategies, including technology transfer and development, and new energy management contracts. Martina Höller, Austrian Heat Pump Association, described her Association’s activities, including lobbying, training and consumer education. She said that high oil prices and concern for the environment have set favorable conditions, but highlighted competition between renewable sources. Wael El-Sharif, Geothermal HP Consortium, noted the rapid adoption of HPs in the US and resultant energy savings, and outlined government programs that have addressed concerns over high initial costs, and lack of training and awareness. Denis Tanguay, Canadian Geo-Exchange Coalition, said infrastructure savings should also be considered in addition to energy savings, and that this technology could help weather fluctuations in oil costs. More information: http://www.heatpumpcentre.org http://www.geoexchange.org http://www.programm.klimaaktiv.at http://www.lgwa.at http://www.geo-exchange.ca Contacts: Dominique Neuman <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Hermann Halozan <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Shawn Xu <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Martina Höller <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Wael El-Sharif <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Denis Tanguay <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Action targets: a new form of climate commitment Presented by the Center for International Environmental Law Donald Goldberg, Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), defined an action target as an obligation to achieve a specific quantity of abatement rather than a future emission level. He said compliance involves verifying the achievement of a pre-agreed amount of reduction. Anne Niederberger, Policy Solutions, discussed the Swiss “Climate Cent” programme by which oil importers assume the full obligation for transport sector emissions by contributing 1-2 Swiss cents per liter into the Climate Penny Fund which they invest annually to achieve or acquire emissions reductions. Ned Helme, Center for Clean Air Policy, proposed a sectoral-based approach with countries promising to achieve specific carbon intensity targets, for which financing would be available, and to which no penalties are attached. Charlotte Streck, Climate Focus, said that all these approaches propose instruments that are fair, robust, feasible, and politically viable for all countries. She noted consensus on the need for a trading system and a voluntary approach. More information: http://www.ciel.org http://www.climatefocus.com http://www.policy-solutions.com http://www.ccap.org Contacts: Donald Goldberg <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Anne Niederberger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Charlotte Streck <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Ned Helme <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Title: Enhancing climate knowledge to improve adaptation to climate variability and change Presented by the World Meteorological Organization Buruhani Nyenzi, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), noted that climate knowledge plays an important role in managing and mitigating risks to achieve sustainable development. Don Maclver, Meteorological Service, Canada, underscored the need to develop higher resolution climate models that would facilitate anticipatory action for adaptation. Hong Yan, WMO, provided an overview of some of WMO’s adaptation activities, including climate observation and data management, and climate research, modeling and prediction. Neil Ward, International Research Institute for Climate and Society, provided examples of collaborative adaptation projects such as the management of the Angat Dam reservoir in the Philippines. David Walland, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, highlighted a number of adaptation projects in Pacific Island countries, and noted the importance of national meteorological service for local stakeholders. Christopher Oludhe, Climate Prediction and Applications Center, Kenya, described his organization’s initiatives to cope with climate variability in the Greater Horn of Africa, such as on early warning. Ms. Patricia Ramirez Obando, Central American Integration System, Costa Rica, highlighted actions taken by stakeholders to reduce vulnerability of communities in Costa Rica. Mama Konate, National Meteorological Services, Mali, noted the use of meteorological information in building adaptative capacity of small farmers in Mali. Discussion: participants noted the importance of including indigenous knowledge and local data in climate modeling and decision-making. More information: http://www.wmo.ch/index-en.html Contacts: Buruhani Nyenzi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Don MacIver <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Hong Yan < [EMAIL PROTECTED]> Neil Ward <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> David Walland <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Christopher Oludhe <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Patricia Ramirez <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Mama Konate <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> The Earth Negotiations Bulletin on the side (ENBOTS) © <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> is a special publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in cooperation with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat. This issue has been written by Asmita Bhardwaj, Alice Bisiaux, Robynne Boyd, Twig Johnson, Ph.D., and Peter Wood. The photographer is Leila Mead. The Digital Editor is Diego Noguera. The Editor is Lisa Schipper, Ph.D. <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>. The Director of IISD Reporting Services is Langston James “Kimo” Goree VI <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>. Funding for the publication of ENBOTS at UNFCCC COP 11 & Kyoto Protocol COP/MOP 1 is provided by the UNFCCC Secretariat. The opinions expressed in ENBOTS are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IISD and funders. Excerpts from ENBOTS may be used in non-commercial publications only with appropriate academic citation. For permission to use this material in commercial publications, contact the Director of IISD Reporting Services at <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>. Electronic versions of issues of ENBOTS from UNFCCC COP 11 & Kyoto Protocol COP/MOP 1 can be found on the Linkages website at http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop11/. 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