Berkeley and Leibniz- where the monads came from In Berkeley's philosophy of idealism, a subject is needed to perceive objects, otherwise they could not exist. Leibniz got around the problem of what happens if nobody's there (a tree falls in a wood...) by dividing up the world into physical objects and assigning a subject (a monad) to each object. This everything is conscious to some extent. Otherwise it could not follow the pre-established harmony. Dr. Roger B Clough NIST (ret.) [1/1/2000] See my Leibniz site at http://independent.academia.edu/RogerClough
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