Signed-off-by: Marth64 <mart...@proxyid.net> --- doc/demuxers.texi | 43 +++++- libavformat/dvdvideodec.c | 314 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 339 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
diff --git a/doc/demuxers.texi b/doc/demuxers.texi index f4bac8f3b3..b70f3a38d7 100644 --- a/doc/demuxers.texi +++ b/doc/demuxers.texi @@ -289,8 +289,10 @@ This demuxer accepts the following option: DVD-Video demuxer, powered by libdvdnav and libdvdread. -Can directly ingest DVD titles, specifically sequential PGCs, -into a conversion pipeline. Menus and seeking are not supported at this time. +Can directly ingest DVD titles, specifically sequential PGCs, into +a conversion pipeline. Menu assets, such as background video or audio, +can also be demuxed given the menu's coordinates (at best effort). +Seeking is not supported at this time. Block devices (DVD drives), ISO files, and directory structures are accepted. Activate with @code{-f dvdvideo} in front of one of these inputs. @@ -347,37 +349,56 @@ This demuxer accepts the following options: @item title @var{int} The title number to play. Must be set if @option{pgc} and @option{pg} are not set. +Not applicable to menus. Default is 0 (auto), which currently only selects the first available title (title 1) and notifies the user about the implications. @item chapter_start @var{int} -The chapter, or PTT (part-of-title), number to start at. Default is 1. +The chapter, or PTT (part-of-title), number to start at. Not applicable to menus. +Default is 1. @item chapter_end @var{int} -The chapter, or PTT (part-of-title), number to end at. Default is 0, -which is a special value to signal end at the last possible chapter. +The chapter, or PTT (part-of-title), number to end at. Not applicable to menus. +Default is 0, which is a special value to signal end at the last possible chapter. @item angle @var{int} The video angle number, referring to what is essentially an additional video stream that is composed from alternate frames interleaved in the VOBs. +Not applicable to menus. Default is 1. @item region @var{int} The region code to use for playback. Some discs may use this to default playback at a particular angle in different regions. This option will not affect the region code -of a real DVD drive, if used as an input. Default is 0, "world". +of a real DVD drive, if used as an input. Not applicable to menus. +Default is 0, "world". + +@item menu @var{bool} +Demux menu assets instead of navigating a title. Requires exact coordinates +of the menu (@option{menu_lu}, @option{menu_vts}, @option{pgc}, @option{pg}). +Default is false. + +@item menu_lu @var{int} +The menu language to demux. In DVD, menus are grouped by language. +Default is 0, the first language unit. + +@item menu_vts @var{int} +The VTS where the menu lives, or 0 if it is a VMG menu (root-level). +Default is 0, VMG menu. @item pgc @var{int} The entry PGC to start playback, in conjunction with @option{pg}. Alternative to setting @option{title}. Chapter markers are not supported at this time. +Must be explicitly set for menus. Default is 0, automatically resolve from value of @option{title}. @item pg @var{int} The entry PG to start playback, in conjunction with @option{pgc}. Alternative to setting @option{title}. Chapter markers are not supported at this time. -Default is 0, automatically resolve from value of @option{title}. +Default is 0, automatically resolve from value of @option{title}, or +start from the beginning (PG 1) of the menu. @item preindex @var{bool} Enable this to have accurate chapter (PTT) markers and duration measurement, @@ -385,6 +406,7 @@ which requires a slow second pass read in order to index the chapter marker timestamps from NAV packets. This is non-ideal extra work for real optical drives. It is recommended and faster to use this option with a backup of the DVD structure stored on a hard drive. Not compatible with @option{pgc} and @option{pg}. +Not applicable to menus. Default is 0, false. @item trim @var{bool} @@ -392,6 +414,7 @@ Skip padding cells (i.e. cells shorter than 1 second) from the beginning. There exist many discs with filler segments at the beginning of the PGC, often with junk data intended for controlling a real DVD player's buffering speed and with no other material data value. +Not applicable to menus. Default is 1, true. @end table @@ -416,6 +439,12 @@ Open only chapter 5 from title 1 from a given DVD structure: @example ffmpeg -f dvdvideo -chapter_start 5 -chapter_end 5 -title 1 -i <path to DVD> ... @end example + +@item +Demux menu with language 1 from VTS 1, PGC 1, starting at PG 1: +@example +ffmpeg -f dvdvideo -menu 1 -menu_lu 1 -menu_vts 1 -pgc 1 -pg 1 -i <path to DVD> ... +@end example @end itemize @section ea diff --git a/libavformat/dvdvideodec.c b/libavformat/dvdvideodec.c index 6f626ce9a0..a182f95097 100644 --- a/libavformat/dvdvideodec.c +++ b/libavformat/dvdvideodec.c @@ -57,9 +57,11 @@ #define DVDVIDEO_BLOCK_SIZE 2048 #define DVDVIDEO_TIME_BASE_Q (AVRational) { 1, 90000 } #define DVDVIDEO_PTS_WRAP_BITS 64 /* VOBUs use 32 (PES allows 33) */ - #define DVDVIDEO_LIBDVDX_LOG_BUFFER_SIZE 1024 +#define PCI_START_BYTE 45 /* complement dvdread's DSI_START_BYTE */ +static const uint8_t dvdvideo_nav_header[4] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xBF }; + enum DVDVideoSubpictureViewport { DVDVIDEO_SUBP_VIEWPORT_FULLSCREEN, DVDVIDEO_SUBP_VIEWPORT_WIDESCREEN, @@ -121,6 +123,15 @@ typedef struct DVDVideoPlaybackState { uint64_t *pgc_pg_times_est; /* PG start times as reported by IFO */ pgc_t *pgc; /* handle to the active PGC */ dvdnav_t *dvdnav; /* handle to the dvdnav VM */ + + /* the following fields are only used for menu playback */ + int celln_start; /* starting cell number */ + int celln_end; /* ending cell number */ + int sector_offset; /* current sector relative to the current VOB */ + uint32_t sector_end; /* end sector relative to the current VOBU */ + uint32_t vobu_next; /* the next VOBU pointer */ + uint32_t vobu_remaining; /* remaining blocks for current VOBU */ + dvd_file_t *vob_file; /* handle to the menu VOB (VMG or VTS) */ } DVDVideoPlaybackState; typedef struct DVDVideoDemuxContext { @@ -130,6 +141,9 @@ typedef struct DVDVideoDemuxContext { int opt_angle; /* the user-provided angle number (1-indexed) */ int opt_chapter_end; /* the user-provided exit PTT (0 for last) */ int opt_chapter_start; /* the user-provided entry PTT (1-indexed) */ + int opt_menu; /* demux menu domain instead of title domain */ + int opt_menu_lu; /* the menu language unit (logical grouping) */ + int opt_menu_vts; /* the menu VTS, or 0 for VMG (main menu) */ int opt_pg; /* the user-provided PG number (1-indexed) */ int opt_pgc; /* the user-provided PGC number (1-indexed) */ int opt_preindex; /* pre-indexing mode (2-pass read) */ @@ -226,6 +240,16 @@ static int dvdvideo_ifo_open(AVFormatContext *s) return AVERROR_EXTERNAL; } + if (c->opt_menu) { + if (c->opt_menu_vts > 0 && !(c->vts_ifo = ifoOpen(c->dvdread, c->opt_menu_vts))) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to open IFO structure for VTS %d\n", c->opt_menu_vts); + + return AVERROR_EXTERNAL; + } + + return 0; + } + if (c->opt_title > c->vmg_ifo->tt_srpt->nr_of_srpts) { av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Title %d not found\n", c->opt_title); @@ -289,6 +313,183 @@ static int dvdvideo_is_pgc_promising(AVFormatContext *s, pgc_t *pgc) return 0; } +static void dvdvideo_menu_close(AVFormatContext *s, DVDVideoPlaybackState *state) +{ + if (state->vob_file) + DVDCloseFile(state->vob_file); +} + +static int dvdvideo_menu_open(AVFormatContext *s, DVDVideoPlaybackState *state) +{ + DVDVideoDemuxContext *c = s->priv_data; + pgci_ut_t *pgci_ut; + + pgci_ut = c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vts_ifo->pgci_ut : c->vmg_ifo->pgci_ut; + if (!pgci_ut) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid PGC table for menu [LU %d, PGC %d]\n", + c->opt_menu_lu, c->opt_pgc); + + return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA; + } + + if (c->opt_pgc < 1 || + c->opt_menu_lu < 1 || + c->opt_menu_lu > pgci_ut->nr_of_lus || + c->opt_pgc > pgci_ut->lu[c->opt_menu_lu - 1].pgcit->nr_of_pgci_srp) { + + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Menu [LU %d, PGC %d] not found\n", c->opt_menu_lu, c->opt_pgc); + + return AVERROR(EINVAL); + } + + /* make sure the PGC is valid */ + state->pgcn = c->opt_pgc - 1; + state->pgc = pgci_ut->lu[c->opt_menu_lu - 1].pgcit->pgci_srp[c->opt_pgc - 1].pgc; + if (!state->pgc || !state->pgc->program_map || !state->pgc->cell_playback) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid PGC structure for menu [LU %d, PGC %d]\n", + c->opt_menu_lu, c->opt_pgc); + + return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA; + } + + /* make sure the PG is valid */ + state->entry_pgn = c->opt_pg; + if (state->entry_pgn < 1 || state->entry_pgn > state->pgc->nr_of_programs) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Entry PG %d not found\n", state->entry_pgn); + + return AVERROR(EINVAL); + } + + /* make sure the program map isn't leading us to nowhere */ + state->celln_start = state->pgc->program_map[state->entry_pgn - 1]; + state->celln_end = state->pgc->nr_of_cells; + state->celln = state->celln_start; + if (state->celln_start > state->pgc->nr_of_cells) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid PGC structure: program map points to unknown cell\n"); + + return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA; + } + + state->sector_end = state->pgc->cell_playback[state->celln - 1].last_sector; + state->vobu_next = state->pgc->cell_playback[state->celln - 1].first_sector; + state->sector_offset = state->vobu_next; + + if (c->opt_menu_vts > 0) + state->in_vts = 1; + + if (!(state->vob_file = DVDOpenFile(c->dvdread, c->opt_menu_vts, DVD_READ_MENU_VOBS))) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, !c->opt_menu_vts ? + "Unable to open main menu VOB (VIDEO_TS.VOB)\n" : + "Unable to open menu VOBs for VTS %d\n", c->opt_menu_vts); + + return AVERROR_EXTERNAL; + } + + return 0; +} + +static int dvdvideo_menu_next_ps_block(AVFormatContext *s, DVDVideoPlaybackState *state, + uint8_t *buf, int buf_size, + void (*flush_cb)(AVFormatContext *s)) +{ + ssize_t blocks_read = 0; + uint8_t read_buf[DVDVIDEO_BLOCK_SIZE] = {0}; + pci_t pci = (pci_t) {0}; + dsi_t dsi = (dsi_t) {0}; + + if (buf_size != DVDVIDEO_BLOCK_SIZE) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid buffer size (expected=%d actual=%d)\n", + DVDVIDEO_BLOCK_SIZE, buf_size); + + return AVERROR(EINVAL); + } + + /* we were at the end of a vobu, so now go to the next one or EOF */ + if (!state->vobu_remaining && state->in_pgc) { + if (state->vobu_next == SRI_END_OF_CELL) { + if (state->celln == state->celln_end && state->sector_offset > state->sector_end) + return AVERROR_EOF; + + state->celln++; + state->sector_offset = state->pgc->cell_playback[state->celln - 1].first_sector; + state->sector_end = state->pgc->cell_playback[state->celln - 1].last_sector; + } else { + state->sector_offset = state->vobu_next; + } + } + + /* continue reading the VOBU */ + av_log(s, AV_LOG_TRACE, "reading block at offset %d\n", state->sector_offset); + + blocks_read = DVDReadBlocks(state->vob_file, state->sector_offset, 1, read_buf); + if (blocks_read != 1) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to read VOB block: offset=%d blocks_read=%d\n", + state->sector_offset, blocks_read); + + return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA; + } + + /* we are at the start of a VOBU, so we are expecting a NAV packet */ + if (!state->vobu_remaining) { + if (!memcmp(&read_buf[PCI_START_BYTE - 4], dvdvideo_nav_header, 4) || + !memcmp(&read_buf[DSI_START_BYTE - 4], dvdvideo_nav_header, 4) || + read_buf[PCI_START_BYTE - 1] != 0x00 || + read_buf[DSI_START_BYTE - 1] != 0x01) { + + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid NAV packet at offset %d: PCI or DSI header mismatch\n", + state->sector_offset); + + return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA; + } + + navRead_PCI(&pci, &read_buf[PCI_START_BYTE]); + navRead_DSI(&dsi, &read_buf[DSI_START_BYTE]); + + if (!pci.pci_gi.vobu_s_ptm || + !pci.pci_gi.vobu_e_ptm || + pci.pci_gi.vobu_s_ptm > pci.pci_gi.vobu_e_ptm) { + + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid NAV packet at offset %d: PCI header is invalid\n", + state->sector_offset); + + return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA; + } + + state->vobu_remaining = dsi.dsi_gi.vobu_ea; + state->vobu_next = dsi.vobu_sri.next_vobu == SRI_END_OF_CELL ? SRI_END_OF_CELL : + dsi.dsi_gi.nv_pck_lbn + (dsi.vobu_sri.next_vobu & 0x7FFFFFFF); + state->sector_offset++; + + if (state->in_pgc) { + if (state->vobu_e_ptm != pci.pci_gi.vobu_s_ptm) { + if (flush_cb) + flush_cb(s); + + state->ts_offset += state->vobu_e_ptm - pci.pci_gi.vobu_s_ptm; + } + } else { + state->in_pgc = 1; + state->in_ps = 1; + } + + state->vobu_e_ptm = pci.pci_gi.vobu_e_ptm; + + av_log(s, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "NAV packet: sector=%d " + "vobu_s_ptm=%d vobu_e_ptm=%d ts_offset=%ld\n", + dsi.dsi_gi.nv_pck_lbn, + pci.pci_gi.vobu_s_ptm, pci.pci_gi.vobu_e_ptm, state->ts_offset); + + return FFERROR_REDO; + } + + /* we are in the middle of a VOBU, so pass on the PS packet */ + memcpy(buf, &read_buf, DVDVIDEO_BLOCK_SIZE); + state->sector_offset++; + state->vobu_remaining--; + + return DVDVIDEO_BLOCK_SIZE; +} + static void dvdvideo_play_close(AVFormatContext *s, DVDVideoPlaybackState *state) { if (!state->dvdnav) @@ -857,8 +1058,15 @@ static int dvdvideo_video_stream_setup(AVFormatContext *s) int ret = 0; DVDVideoVTSVideoStreamEntry entry = {0}; + video_attr_t video_attr; - if ((ret = dvdvideo_video_stream_analyze(s, c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_video_attr, &entry)) < 0 || + if (c->opt_menu) + video_attr = !c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vmg_ifo->vmgi_mat->vmgm_video_attr : + c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vtsm_video_attr; + else + video_attr = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_video_attr; + + if ((ret = dvdvideo_video_stream_analyze(s, video_attr, &entry)) < 0 || (ret = dvdvideo_video_stream_add(s, &entry, AVSTREAM_PARSE_HEADERS)) < 0) { av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to add video stream\n"); @@ -1010,15 +1218,29 @@ static int dvdvideo_audio_stream_add_all(AVFormatContext *s) DVDVideoDemuxContext *c = s->priv_data; int ret = 0; + int nb_streams; - for (int i = 0; i < c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->nr_of_vts_audio_streams; i++) { + if (c->opt_menu) + nb_streams = !c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vmg_ifo->vmgi_mat->nr_of_vmgm_audio_streams : + c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->nr_of_vtsm_audio_streams; + else + nb_streams = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->nr_of_vts_audio_streams; + + for (int i = 0; i < nb_streams; i++) { DVDVideoPGCAudioStreamEntry entry = {0}; + audio_attr_t audio_attr; + + if (c->opt_menu) + audio_attr = !c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vmg_ifo->vmgi_mat->vmgm_audio_attr : + c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vtsm_audio_attr; + else + audio_attr = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_audio_attr[i]; if (!(c->play_state.pgc->audio_control[i] & 0x8000)) continue; - if ((ret = dvdvideo_audio_stream_analyze(s, c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_audio_attr[i], - c->play_state.pgc->audio_control[i], &entry)) < 0) + if ((ret = dvdvideo_audio_stream_analyze(s, audio_attr, c->play_state.pgc->audio_control[i], + &entry)) < 0) goto break_error; /* IFO structures can declare duplicate entries for the same startcode */ @@ -1129,7 +1351,16 @@ static int dvdvideo_subp_stream_add_all(AVFormatContext *s) { DVDVideoDemuxContext *c = s->priv_data; - for (int i = 0; i < c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->nr_of_vts_subp_streams; i++) { + int nb_streams; + + if (c->opt_menu) + nb_streams = !c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vmg_ifo->vmgi_mat->nr_of_vmgm_subp_streams : + c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->nr_of_vtsm_subp_streams; + else + nb_streams = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->nr_of_vts_subp_streams; + + + for (int i = 0; i < nb_streams; i++) { int ret = 0; uint32_t subp_control; subp_attr_t subp_attr; @@ -1141,8 +1372,16 @@ static int dvdvideo_subp_stream_add_all(AVFormatContext *s) /* there can be several presentations for one SPU */ /* the DAR check is flexible in order to support weird authoring */ - video_attr = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_video_attr; - subp_attr = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_subp_attr[i]; + if (c->opt_menu) { + video_attr = !c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vmg_ifo->vmgi_mat->vmgm_video_attr : + c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vtsm_video_attr; + + subp_attr = !c->opt_menu_vts ? c->vmg_ifo->vmgi_mat->vmgm_subp_attr : + c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vtsm_subp_attr; + } else { + video_attr = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_video_attr; + subp_attr = c->vts_ifo->vtsi_mat->vts_subp_attr[i]; + } /* 4:3 */ if (!video_attr.display_aspect_ratio) { @@ -1198,8 +1437,12 @@ static int dvdvideo_subdemux_read_data(void *opaque, uint8_t *buf, int buf_size) if (c->play_end) return AVERROR_EOF; - ret = dvdvideo_play_next_ps_block(opaque, &c->play_state, buf, buf_size, - &nav_event, dvdvideo_subdemux_flush); + if (c->opt_menu) + ret = dvdvideo_menu_next_ps_block(s, &c->play_state, buf, buf_size, + dvdvideo_subdemux_flush); + else + ret = dvdvideo_play_next_ps_block(opaque, &c->play_state, buf, buf_size, + &nav_event, dvdvideo_subdemux_flush); if (ret == AVERROR_EOF) { c->mpeg_pb.pub.eof_reached = 1; @@ -1263,6 +1506,47 @@ static int dvdvideo_read_header(AVFormatContext *s) int ret = 0; + if (c->opt_menu) { + if (c->opt_region || + c->opt_title > 1 || + c->opt_preindex || + c->opt_chapter_start > 1 || + c->opt_chapter_end > 0) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "-menu is not compatible with the -region, -title, " + "-preindex, or -chapter_start/-chapter_end options\n"); + return AVERROR(EINVAL); + } + + if (!c->opt_pgc) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_ERROR, "If -menu is enabled, -pgc must be set to a non-zero value\n"); + + return AVERROR(EINVAL); + } + + if (!c->opt_menu_lu) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_INFO, "Defaulting to menu language unit #1. " + "This is not always desirable, validation suggested.\n"); + + c->opt_menu_lu = 1; + } + + if (!c->opt_pg) { + av_log(s, AV_LOG_INFO, "Defaulting to menu PG #1. " + "This is not always desirable, validation suggested.\n"); + + c->opt_pg = 1; + } + + if ((ret = dvdvideo_ifo_open(s)) < 0 || + (ret = dvdvideo_menu_open(s, &c->play_state)) < 0 || + (ret = dvdvideo_subdemux_open(s)) < 0 || + (ret = dvdvideo_video_stream_setup(s)) < 0 || + (ret = dvdvideo_audio_stream_add_all(s)) < 0) + return ret; + + return 0; + } + if (c->opt_title == 0) { av_log(s, AV_LOG_INFO, "Defaulting to title #1. " "This is not always the main feature, validation suggested.\n"); @@ -1378,7 +1662,12 @@ static int dvdvideo_close(AVFormatContext *s) DVDVideoDemuxContext *c = s->priv_data; dvdvideo_subdemux_close(s); - dvdvideo_play_close(s, &c->play_state); + + if (c->opt_menu) + dvdvideo_menu_close(s, &c->play_state); + else + dvdvideo_play_close(s, &c->play_state); + dvdvideo_ifo_close(s); return 0; @@ -1389,6 +1678,9 @@ static const AVOption dvdvideo_options[] = { {"angle", "playback angle number", OFFSET(opt_angle), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=1 }, 1, 9, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, {"chapter_end", "exit chapter (PTT) number (0=end)", OFFSET(opt_chapter_end), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=0 }, 0, 99, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, {"chapter_start", "entry chapter (PTT) number", OFFSET(opt_chapter_start), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=1 }, 1, 99, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, + {"menu", "demux menu domain", OFFSET(opt_menu), AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL, { .i64=0 }, 0, 1, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, + {"menu_lu", "menu language unit (0=auto)", OFFSET(opt_menu_lu), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=0 }, 0, 99, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, + {"menu_vts", "menu VTS (0=VMG main menu)", OFFSET(opt_menu_vts), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=0 }, 0, 99, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, {"pg", "entry PG number (0=auto)", OFFSET(opt_pg), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=0 }, 0, 255, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, {"pgc", "entry PGC number (0=auto)", OFFSET(opt_pgc), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64=0 }, 0, 999, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, {"preindex", "enable for accurate chapter markers, slow (2-pass read)", OFFSET(opt_preindex), AV_OPT_TYPE_BOOL, { .i64=0 }, 0, 1, AV_OPT_FLAG_DECODING_PARAM }, -- 2.34.1 _______________________________________________ ffmpeg-devel mailing list ffmpeg-devel@ffmpeg.org https://ffmpeg.org/mailman/listinfo/ffmpeg-devel To unsubscribe, visit link above, or email ffmpeg-devel-requ...@ffmpeg.org with subject "unsubscribe".