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Kramer, 
Adam D. I., Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock. 2014. 
“Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through 
Social Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (24): 
8788–90. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320040111. 

Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social 
networks

 
   Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagi...
Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social 
networks Adam D. I. Kramera,1, Jamie E. Guilloryb, and Jeffrey T. Hancockc,d   
View on www.pnas.org Preview by Yahoo  

Significance
We show, via a massive (N = 689,003) experiment on Facebook, that emotional 
states can be 
transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the 
same emotions without 
their awareness. We provide experimental evidence that emotional 
contagion occurs without direct interaction between people 
(exposure to a friend expressing an emotion is sufficient), and in the 
complete absence of nonverbal cues. 
 

Abstract
Emotional states can be 
transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to 
experience the same emotions without their awareness. Emotional contagion is 
well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring 
positive and negative emotions to others. Data from a 
large real-world social network, collected over a 20-y period suggests 
that longer-lasting moods (e.g., depression, happiness) can be transferred 
through networks [Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2008) BMJ 337:a2338], although the 
results are controversial. In an experiment 
with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs 
outside of in-person 
interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional 
content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were 
reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; 
when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite 
pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by 
others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting 
experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. 
This work also suggests that, in contrast to 
prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and nonverbal cues are not 
strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the 
observation of others’ positive experiences constitutes a positive 
experience for people. 
        * computer-mediated communication
        * social media
        * big data
 
 
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