>Number: 181269
>Category: docs
>Synopsis: Network Servers - NFS Content Rewrite/Update
>Confidential: no
>Severity: non-critical
>Priority: low
>Responsible: freebsd-doc
>State: open
>Quarter:
>Keywords:
>Date-Required:
>Class: doc-bug
>Submitter-Id: current-users
>Arrival-Date: Tue Aug 13 15:50:00 UTC 2013
>Closed-Date:
>Last-Modified:
>Originator: Ken Reed
>Release: 9.1-RELEASE-p5
>Organization:
>Environment:
FreeBSD wolverine 9.1-RELEASE-p5 FreeBSD 9.1-RELEASE-p5 #0: Sat Jul 27 01:14:23
UTC 2013 [email protected]:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC
amd64
>Description:
Rewrote, corrected, and updated the NFS section of the Network Servers section
(chapter 29).
>How-To-Repeat:
>Fix:
Patch attached with submission follows:
Index: en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-servers/chapter.xml
===================================================================
--- en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-servers/chapter.xml (revision 42527)
+++ en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-servers/chapter.xml (working copy)
@@ -557,37 +557,40 @@
<title>Network File System (NFS)</title>
<indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
- <para>Among the many different file systems that FreeBSD supports
- is the Network File System, also known as <acronym role="Network
- File System">NFS</acronym>. <acronym role="Network File
- System">NFS</acronym> allows a system to share directories and
- files with others over a network. By using <acronym
- role="Network File System">NFS</acronym>, users and programs can
- access files on remote systems almost as if they were local
- files.</para>
+ <para>&os; supports the Network File System
+ (<acronym role="Network File System">NFS</acronym>).
+ <acronym role="Network File System">NFS</acronym>
+ allows a server to share directories and
+ files with clients over a network. By using
+ <acronym role="Network File System">NFS</acronym>,
+ users and programs can access files on remote systems
+ as if they were stored locally.</para>
- <para>Some of the most notable benefits that
- <acronym>NFS</acronym> can provide are:</para>
+ <para>The most notable benefits that
+ <acronym>NFS</acronym> provides are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>Local workstations use less disk space because commonly
- used data can be stored on a single machine and still remain
- accessible to others over the network.</para>
+ <para>Data that would otherwise be duplicated on each
+ client can be kept in single location and accessed
+ by clients on the network.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>There is no need for users to have separate home
- directories on every network machine. Home directories
- could be set up on the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server and
- made available throughout the network.</para>
+ <para>Users home directories can be stored in one location
+ and accessed by their owners over the network. This also
+ has the benefit of simplified administration. For example,
+ backing up one location instead of several, security
+ policies on one file system, etc.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Storage devices such as floppy disks, CDROM drives, and
- &iomegazip; drives can be used by other machines on the
- network. This may reduce the number of removable media
- drives throughout the network.</para>
+ <para>Storage devices such as floppy disks or
+ <acronym>CD/DVD-ROM</acronym> drives can be used
+ by other machines on the network. This would reduce
+ the number of removable media drives throughout
+ the network and provide a centralized location to
+ manage the usage and security of such devices.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
@@ -600,7 +603,7 @@
order for this to function properly a few processes have to be
configured and running.</para>
- <para>The server has to be running the following daemons:</para>
+ <para>The server must be running the following daemons:</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>NFS</primary>
<secondary>server</secondary>
@@ -661,8 +664,8 @@
<application>nfsiod</application>. The
<application>nfsiod</application> daemon services the requests
from the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server. This is optional, and
- improves performance, but is not required for normal and
- correct operation. See the &man.nfsiod.8; manual page for
+ improves performance but is not required for normal
+ operation. See the &man.nfsiod.8; manual page for
more information.</para>
</sect2>
@@ -674,15 +677,12 @@
<secondary>configuration</secondary>
</indexterm>
- <para><acronym>NFS</acronym> configuration is a relatively
- straightforward process. The processes that need to be
- running can all start at boot time with a few modifications
- to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>.</para>
+ <para>Enabling the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server
+ is straightforward. The processes that need
+ to be running can setup to be started at boot
+ time by adding these options to
+ <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
- <para>On the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server, make sure that the
- following options are configured in the
- <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> file:</para>
-
<programlisting>rpcbind_enable="YES"
nfs_server_enable="YES"
mountd_flags="-r"</programlisting>
@@ -690,24 +690,22 @@
<para><application>mountd</application> runs automatically
whenever the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server is enabled.</para>
- <para>On the client, make sure this option is present in
- <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
+ <para>Likewise, to enable the client, make sure this option
+ is defined in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>nfs_client_enable="YES"</programlisting>
<para>The <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file specifies which
- file systems <acronym>NFS</acronym> should export (sometimes
- referred to as <quote>share</quote>). Each line in
- <filename>/etc/exports</filename> specifies a file system to
- be exported and which machines have access to that file
- system. Along with what machines have access to that file
- system, access options may also be specified. There are many
- such options that can be used in this file but only a few will
- be mentioned here. Other options are discussed in
- the &man.exports.5; manual page.</para>
+ file systems the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server will
+ export (sometimes referred to as <quote>share</quote>). Each
+ line in <filename>/etc/exports</filename> specifies a
+ file system to be exported and which clients have access
+ to that file system, as well as, any access options that may
+ be specified. There are many such options that can be
+ used in this file but only a few will be mentioned here.
+ Other options are discussed in the &man.exports.5;
+ manual page.</para>
- <para>Here are a few example <filename>/etc/exports</filename>
- entries:</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>NFS</primary>
@@ -716,69 +714,76 @@
<para>The following examples give an idea of how to export file
systems, although the settings may be different depending on
- the environment and network configuration. For instance, to
- export the <filename>/cdrom</filename> directory to three
- example machines that have the same domain name as the server
- (hence the lack of a domain name for each) or have entries in
- the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. The
- <option>-ro</option> flag makes the exported file system
- read-only. With this flag, the remote system will not be able
- to write any changes to the exported file system.</para>
+ the environment and network configuration.</para>
+ <para>Typical <filename>/etc/exports</filename> entries
+ may include:</para>
+
+ <para>To export the <filename>/cdrom</filename> directory to
+ three clients that are either within the same domain as
+ the server or are defined in the server's
+ <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file (allowing for
+ client reference by their short names):</para>
+
<programlisting>/cdrom -ro host1 host2 host3</programlisting>
- <para>The following line exports <filename>/home</filename> to
- three hosts by IP address. This is a useful setup on
- a private network without a <acronym>DNS</acronym> server
+ <para>The <literal>-ro</literal> flag makes the exported file
+ system read-only, preventing the clients from making any
+ changes to the exported file system.</para>
+
+ <para>The next example exports <filename>/home</filename> to
+ three clients by IP address. This is a useful setup for
+ networks that may not have a <acronym>DNS</acronym> server
configured. Optionally the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>
file could be configured for internal hostnames; please review
&man.hosts.5; for more information. The
- <option>-alldirs</option> flag allows the subdirectories to be
- mount points. In other words, it will not mount the
+ <literal>-alldirs</literal> flag allows the subdirectories
+ to be mount points. In other words, it will not mount the
subdirectories but permit the client to mount only the
directories that are required or needed.</para>
<programlisting>/home -alldirs 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3
10.0.0.4</programlisting>
- <para>The following line exports <filename>/a</filename> so that
+ <para>This next line exports <filename>/a</filename> so that
two clients from different domains may access the file system.
The <option>-maproot=root</option> flag allows the
<username>root</username> user on the remote system to write
data on the exported file system as <username>root</username>.
If the <literal>-maproot=root</literal> flag is not specified,
- then even if a user has <username>root</username> access on
- the remote system, he will not be able to modify files on
- the exported file system.</para>
+ the client's <username>root</username> user will be mapped
+ to the server's <username>nobody</username> account and will
+ be subject to the access limitations set for the
+ <username>nobody</username> user.</para>
<programlisting>/a -maproot=root host.example.com
box.example.org</programlisting>
- <para>In order for a client to access an exported file system,
- the client must have permission to do so. Make sure the
- client is listed in <filename>/etc/exports</filename>.</para>
+ <para>For a client to have access to an exported file system,
+ make sure it is listed in
+ <filename>/etc/exports</filename>.</para>
- <para>In <filename>/etc/exports</filename>, each line represents
- the export information for one file system to one host. A
- remote host can only be specified once per file system, and
- may only have one default entry. For example, assume that
- <filename>/usr</filename> is a single file system. The
- following <filename>/etc/exports</filename> would be
- invalid:</para>
+ <para>In <filename>/etc/exports</filename>, each line defines
+ the export information for one file system to one or more
+ clients. A remote host can only be specified once per file
+ system, and may only have one default entry. For example,
+ assume that <filename>/usr</filename> is a single file
+ system. The following <filename>/etc/exports</filename>
+ would be invalid:</para>
<programlisting># Invalid when /usr is one file system
/usr/src client
/usr/ports client</programlisting>
- <para>One file system, <filename>/usr</filename>, has two lines
+ <para>The <filename>/usr</filename> file system has two lines
specifying exports to the same host, <hostid>client</hostid>.
The correct format for this situation is:</para>
<programlisting>/usr/src /usr/ports client</programlisting>
- <para>The properties of one file system exported to a given host
- must all occur on one line. Lines without a client specified
- are treated as a single host. This limits how file systems
- may be exported; however, for most environments, this is not
- an issue.</para>
+ <para>The properties of one file system, exported to a given
+ host, must within a single line. Lines without a client
+ specified are treated as a single host. This limits how
+ file systems may be exported; however, for most environments,
+ this is not an issue.</para>
<para>The following is an example of a valid export list, where
<filename>/usr</filename> and <filename>/exports</filename>
@@ -793,11 +798,12 @@
/exports -alldirs -maproot=root client01 client02
/exports/obj -ro</programlisting>
- <para>The <application>mountd</application> daemon must be
- forced to recheck the <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file
- whenever it has been modified, so the changes can take effect.
- This can be accomplished either by sending a HUP signal to the
- running daemon:</para>
+ <para>The <application>mountd</application> daemon only reads
+ <filename>/etc/exports</filename> at start up. To make
+ <acronym>NFS</acronym> server changes immediately, it must be
+ forced to recheck the <filename>/etc/exports</filename> file.
+ The two recommended methods for executing immediate change
+ are:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>kill -HUP `cat
/var/run/mountd.pid`</userinput></screen>
@@ -809,8 +815,9 @@
<para>Please refer to <xref linkend="configtuning-rcd"/> for
more information about using rc scripts.</para>
- <para>NFS services can now be started by running the following
- command, on the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server, as
+ <para>On a new server being configured with
+ <acronym>NFS</acronym> services, the server can be started by
+ running the following command as
<username>root</username>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service nfsd start</userinput></screen>
@@ -819,11 +826,12 @@
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service nfsclient
restart</userinput></screen>
- <para>Now everything should be ready to actually mount a remote
- file system. In these examples the server's name will be
+ <para>The client now has everything it needs to mount a remote
+ file system. In these examples, the server's name will be
<hostid>server</hostid> and the client's name will be
<hostid>client</hostid>. For testing or to temporarily mount
- a remote file system execute a command like this as
+ a remote file system execute the
+ <application>mount</application> command as
<username>root</username> on the client:</para>
<indexterm>
@@ -832,16 +840,15 @@
</indexterm>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount server:/home
/mnt</userinput></screen>
- <para>This will mount the <filename>/home</filename> directory
- on the server at <filename>/mnt</filename> on the client. If
+ <para>This will mount the server's <filename>/home</filename>
+ file system at <filename>/mnt</filename> on the client. If
everything is set up correctly, the server's files should be
- visible and available in the <filename>/mnt</filename>
- directory.</para>
+ visible and available in the client's
+ <filename>/mnt</filename> directory.</para>
<para>To permanently mount a remote file system each time the
- computer boots, add the file system to the
- <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file. Here is an
- example:</para>
+ client boots, add the remote file system to the
+ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting>server:/home /mnt nfs rw 0
0</programlisting>
@@ -855,25 +862,26 @@
<para>Some applications (e.g., <application>mutt</application>)
require file locking to operate correctly. In the case of
<acronym>NFS</acronym>, <application>rpc.lockd</application>
- can be used for file locking. To enable it, add the following
+ can be used for file locking. To enable it, add this line
to the <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> file on both client
- and server (it is assumed that the <acronym>NFS</acronym>
- client and server are configured already):</para>
+ and server:</para>
<programlisting>rpc_lockd_enable="YES"
rpc_statd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
- <para>Start the application by using:</para>
+ <para>Please note that this assumes that both
+ <acronym>NFS</acronym> client and server are already
+ configured.</para>
+ <para>Start the application, as root, by using:</para>
+
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service lockd start</userinput>
&prompt.root; <userinput>service statd start</userinput></screen>
- <para>If real locking between the <acronym>NFS</acronym> clients
- and <acronym>NFS</acronym> server is not required, it is
- possible to let the <acronym>NFS</acronym> client do locking
- locally by passing <option>-L</option> to &man.mount.nfs.8;.
- Refer to the &man.mount.nfs.8; manual page for further
- details.</para>
+ <para>If locking is not required, the <acronym>NFS</acronym>
+ client can be configured to lock locally by passing
+ <option>-L</option> to &man.mount.nfs.8;. Refer to the
+ &man.mount.nfs.8; manual page for further details.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
@@ -880,7 +888,7 @@
<title>Practical Uses</title>
<para><acronym>NFS</acronym> has many practical uses. Some of
- the more common ones are listed below:</para>
+ the more common uses:</para>
<indexterm>
<primary>NFS</primary>
@@ -888,25 +896,26 @@
</indexterm>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>Set several machines to share a CDROM or other media
- among them. This is cheaper and often a more convenient
- method to install software on multiple machines.</para>
+ <para>Share a <acronym>CD/DVD-ROM</acronym> or other media
+ to any number of clients. This is cheaper and often a
+ more convenient method to install software on multiple
+ machines.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>On large networks, it might be more convenient to
- configure a central <acronym>NFS</acronym> server in which
- to store all the user home directories. These home
- directories can then be exported to the network so that
- users would always have the same home directory,
- regardless of which workstation they log in to.</para>
+ <para>On large networks, it is more convenient to
+ configure a central <acronym>NFS</acronym> server on which
+ all user home directories are stored. The exported
+ home directories can then be accessed by authorized
+ clients, allowing authenticated users access to
+ their data.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Several machines could have a common
+ <para>Several clients could have a need for the
<filename>/usr/ports/distfiles</filename> directory. This
allows for quick access to the source files without
- downloading them on each machine.</para>
+ having to download them to each client.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
@@ -937,27 +946,28 @@
</indexterm>
<para>&man.amd.8; (the automatic mounter daemon) automatically
- mounts a remote file system whenever a file or directory
- within that file system is accessed. Filesystems that are
- inactive for a period of time will also be automatically
- unmounted by <application>amd</application>. Using
+ mounts or unmounts a remote file system. It performs a
+ mount whenever a file or directory within a managed, remote
+ file system is accessed. Likewise,
+ <application>amd</application> unmounts a remote file
+ system if it has been inactive for a period of time. Using
<application>amd</application> provides a simple alternative
- to permanent mounts, as permanent mounts are usually listed in
+ to permanent mounts which are permanently listed in
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</para>
- <para><application>amd</application> operates by attaching
- itself as an NFS server to the <filename>/host</filename> and
- <filename>/net</filename> directories. When a file is
- accessed within one of these directories,
- <application>amd</application> looks up the corresponding
- remote mount and automatically mounts it.
+ <para>By default, <application>amd</application> operates
+ by attaching itself as an NFS server to the
+ <filename>/host</filename> and <filename>/net</filename>
+ directories. When a file is accessed within one of these
+ directories, <application>amd</application> looks up the
+ corresponding remote mount and automatically mounts it.
<filename>/net</filename> is used to mount an exported file
system from an IP address, while <filename>/host</filename> is
used to mount an export from a remote hostname.</para>
- <para>An access to a file within
+ <para>For instance, an attempt to access a file within
<filename>/host/foobar/usr</filename> would tell
- <application>amd</application> to attempt to mount the
+ <application>amd</application> to mount the
<filename>/usr</filename> export on the host
<hostid>foobar</hostid>.</para>
@@ -965,9 +975,10 @@
<title>Mounting an Export with
<application>amd</application></title>
- <para>The <command>showmount</command> command shows the
- available mounts on a remote host. For example, to view the
- mounts of a host named <hostid>foobar</hostid>:</para>
+ <para>The <command>showmount</command>, with the
+ <literal>-e</literal> flag, shows the exported file systems
+ available for mount from the remote <acronym>NFS</acronym>
+ server:</para>
<screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>showmount -e foobar</userinput>
Exports list on foobar:
@@ -976,23 +987,26 @@
&prompt.user; <userinput>cd /host/foobar/usr</userinput></screen>
</example>
- <para>As seen in the example, the <command>showmount</command>
+ <para>The output from <command>showmount</command>
shows <filename>/usr</filename> as an export. When changing
directories to <filename>/host/foobar/usr</filename>,
- <application>amd</application> attempts to resolve the
- hostname <hostid>foobar</hostid> and automatically mount the
- desired export.</para>
+ <application>amd</application> intercepts the request and
+ attempts to resolve the hostname <hostid>foobar</hostid>.
+ If successful, <application>amd</application> automatically
+ mounts the desired export.</para>
- <para><application>amd</application> can be started by the
- startup scripts by placing the following lines in
- <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
+ <para><application>amd</application> is enabled by placing
+ the following lines <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>amd_enable="YES"</programlisting>
- <para>Additionally, custom flags can be passed to
+ <para>It can then be started using the &os; &man.rc.8; scripts
+ or by using the &man.service.8; command.</para>
+
+ <para>Custom flags can be passed to
<application>amd</application> from the
- <varname>amd_flags</varname> option. By default,
- <varname>amd_flags</varname> is set to:</para>
+ <varname>amd_flags</varname> environment variable. By
+ default, <varname>amd_flags</varname> is set to:</para>
<programlisting>amd_flags="-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map
/net /etc/amd.map"</programlisting>
@@ -1018,73 +1032,76 @@
</sect2info>
<title>Problems Integrating with Other Systems</title>
- <para>Certain Ethernet adapters for ISA PC systems have
- limitations which can lead to serious network problems,
- particularly with NFS. This difficulty is not specific to
- FreeBSD, but FreeBSD systems are affected by it.</para>
+ <para>Certain Ethernet adapters, for ISA bus-type PC
+ systems, have limitations which can lead to serious network
+ problems, particularly with NFS. While this is not
+ specific to &os;, &os; systems built on this type
+ of hardware are affected.</para>
- <para>The problem nearly always occurs when (FreeBSD) PC systems
- are networked with high-performance workstations, such as
- those made by Silicon Graphics, Inc., and Sun Microsystems,
- Inc. The NFS mount will work fine, and some operations may
- succeed, but suddenly the server will seem to become
- unresponsive to the client, even though requests to and from
- other systems continue to be processed. This happens to the
- client system, whether the client is the FreeBSD system or the
- workstation. On many systems, there is no way to shut down
- the client gracefully once this problem has manifested itself.
- The only solution is often to reset the client, because the
- NFS situation cannot be resolved.</para>
+ <para>The problem occurs when these systems are networked
+ with high-performance workstations, such as those made by
+ Silicon Graphics, Inc., and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The
+ NFS mount will work fine, and initial operations may
+ succeed. Eventually the server will become unresponsive
+ to the client, even though requests to and from
+ other systems continue unaffected. Once this has occurred,
+ there is no way to shut the client down gracefully. The
+ only solution is to reboot the client.</para>
<para>Though the <quote>correct</quote> solution is to get a
higher performance and capacity Ethernet adapter for the
- FreeBSD system, there is a simple workaround that will allow
- satisfactory operation. If the FreeBSD system is the
- <emphasis>server</emphasis>, include the option
- <option>-w=1024</option> on the mount from the client. If the
- FreeBSD system is the <emphasis>client</emphasis>, then mount
- the NFS file system with the option <option>-r=1024</option>.
- These options may be specified using the fourth field of the
- <filename>fstab</filename> entry on the client for automatic
- mounts, or by using the <option>-o</option> parameter of the
- &man.mount.8; command for manual mounts.</para>
+ &os; system, there is a simple workaround. If the
+ &os; system is the <emphasis>server</emphasis>, include
+ the option <literal>-w=1024</literal> in the client's
+ <command>mount</command> command. If the &os; system is
+ the <emphasis>client</emphasis>, then mount the NFS file
+ system with the option <option>-r=1024</option>. These
+ options may be specified using the fourth field of the
+ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> entry on the client for
+ automatic mounts, or by using the <option>-o</option>
+ parameter of the &man.mount.8; command for manual
+ mounts.</para>
- <para>It should be noted that there is a different problem,
- sometimes mistaken for this one, when the NFS servers and
- clients are on different networks. If that is the case, make
+ <para>It should be noted that there is a similar problem
+ requiring a different workaround. It often manifests
+ itself when the NFS servers and clients are on different
+ networks. If that is the case, make
<emphasis>certain</emphasis> that the routers are routing the
- necessary <acronym>UDP</acronym> information.</para>
+ necessary <acronym>UDP</acronym> information. In other
+ words, a <quote>helper</quote> may need to be enabled for
+ the subnets and/or VLANs in question and may require
+ consultation with Network Administrators for proper
+ configuration.</para>
- <para>In the following examples, <hostid>fastws</hostid> is the
+ <para>In these examples, <hostid>fastws</hostid> is the
host (interface) name of a high-performance workstation, and
<hostid>freebox</hostid> is the host (interface) name of a
- FreeBSD system with a lower-performance Ethernet adapter.
- Also, <filename>/sharedfs</filename> will be the exported NFS
- file system (see &man.exports.5;), and
- <filename>/project</filename> will be the mount point on the
- client for the exported file system. In all cases, note that
- additional options, such as <option>hard</option> or
- <option>soft</option> and <option>bg</option> may be desirable
- in the application.</para>
+ &os; system with a lower-performance Ethernet adapter.
+ The export is the <filename>/sharedfs</filename> file system
+ (see &man.exports.5;), and <filename>/project</filename>
+ will be the mount point on the client system. In all cases,
+ note that additional options, such as <literal>hard</literal>
+ or <literal>soft</literal> and <literal>bg</literal> may be
+ desirable in the application.</para>
- <para>Examples for the FreeBSD system (<hostid>freebox</hostid>)
- as the client in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> on
- <hostid>freebox</hostid>:</para>
-
+ <para>Example of the &os; client, <hostid>freebox</hostid>
+ configured with a permanent mount in
+ <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>fastws:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-r=1024 0
0</programlisting>
- <para>As a manual mount command on
+ <para>Now, requesting a manual mount command on &os; client,
<hostid>freebox</hostid>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t nfs -o -r=1024
fastws:/sharedfs /project</userinput></screen>
- <para>Examples for the FreeBSD system as the server in
+ <para>Examples for the &os; system, <hostid>freebox</hostid>
+ acting as the <acronym>NFS</acronym> server, with the client
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> on
<hostid>fastws</hostid>:</para>
<programlisting>freebox:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-w=1024 0
0</programlisting>
- <para>As a manual mount command on
+ <para>As a manual mount command on client,
<hostid>fastws</hostid>:</para>
<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -t nfs -o -w=1024
freebox:/sharedfs /project</userinput></screen>
@@ -1093,37 +1110,35 @@
without the above restrictions on the read or write
size.</para>
- <para>For anyone who cares, here is what happens when the
- failure occurs, which also explains why it is unrecoverable.
- NFS typically works with a <quote>block</quote> size of
- 8 K (though it may do fragments of smaller sizes). Since
- the maximum Ethernet packet is around 1500 bytes, the NFS
- <quote>block</quote> gets split into multiple Ethernet
- packets, even though it is still a single unit to the
- upper-level code, and must be received, assembled, and
- <emphasis>acknowledged</emphasis> as a unit. The
- high-performance workstations can pump out the packets which
- comprise the NFS unit one right after the other, just as close
- together as the standard allows. On the smaller, lower
- capacity cards, the later packets overrun the earlier packets
- of the same unit before they can be transferred to the host
- and the unit as a whole cannot be reconstructed or
- acknowledged. As a result, the workstation will time out and
- try again, but it will try again with the entire 8 K
- unit, and the process will be repeated, ad infinitum.</para>
+ <para>The symptoms of this failure, and why it is unrecoverable,
+ are explained in the way <acronym>NFS</acronym> works.
+ <acronym>NFS</acronym> works with a default
+ <quote>block</quote> size of 8 K (though it may do
+ fragments of smaller sizes). Since the typical ethernet
+ packet is around 1500 bytes, the NFS
+ <quote>block</quote> gets split into multiple ethernet
+ packets. These packets then must be re-assembled and
+ <emphasis>acknowledged</emphasis> wholey, as they are
+ received by the recipient. High-performance workstations
+ can transmit these packets faster than the lower capacity
+ cards can receive them, resulting in a buffer overflow
+ condition. Packets being sent to the client cannot recover,
+ cannot be reconstructed, and therefore cannot be acknowledged.
+ Ultimately, the workstation will time out and try again.
+ Repeating the request, the server sends the entire 8 K
+ block, and the process is repeated.</para>
- <para>By keeping the unit size below the Ethernet packet size
+ <para>By keeping the block size below the Ethernet packet size
limitation, we ensure that any complete Ethernet packet
- received can be acknowledged individually, avoiding the
- deadlock situation.</para>
+ received can be acknowledged individually, avoiding this
+ buffer overflow situation.</para>
- <para>Overruns may still occur when a high-performance
- workstations is slamming data out to a PC system, but with the
- better cards, such overruns are not guaranteed on NFS
- <quote>units</quote>. When an overrun occurs, the units
- affected will be retransmitted, and there will be a fair
- chance that they will be received, assembled, and
- acknowledged.</para>
+ <para>Buffer overflows (aka overruns) may still occur
+ when a high-performance workstation is transmitting data
+ to a client, but with better cards, such overruns are less
+ likely. When an overrun does occur, the blocks affected
+ will be retransmitted, and the client is more likely to
+ recover on its own.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
>Release-Note:
>Audit-Trail:
>Unformatted:
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