Hi,
In my quest to find why Linux is so slow on AMD I executed
strace -T -c ls -aslR / > /dev/null
On both a Linux running on a real CPU (just a mere Celeron):
% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
25.26 0.235827 1 180706 lstat64
23.06 0.215235 1 255949 255942 getxattr
17.65 0.164726 6 29720 getdents64
13.41 0.125168 1 180698 stat64
12.75 0.119004 1 130339 130339 lgetxattr
4.28 0.039929 2 22656 86 readlink
2.08 0.019399 1 14859 openat
0.70 0.006569 0 14910 close
0.54 0.005085 0 14909 fstat64
0.15 0.001417 0 3135 write
0.10 0.000896 0 2831 clock_gettime
0.03 0.000263 3 83 35 open
0.00 0.000000 0 18 read
0.00 0.000000 0 1 execve
0.00 0.000000 0 12 12 access
0.00 0.000000 0 8 brk
0.00 0.000000 0 3 3 ioctl
0.00 0.000000 0 35 munmap
0.00 0.000000 0 12 mprotect
0.00 0.000000 0 57 _llseek
0.00 0.000000 0 67 mmap2
0.00 0.000000 0 1 set_thread_area
0.00 0.000000 0 2 2 statfs64
0.00 0.000000 0 4 socket
0.00 0.000000 0 4 4 connect
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00 0.933518 851019 386423 total
And on a virtualized Linux:
% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
55.83 30.198355 666 45331 getdents
17.99 9.733976 429 22665 5 openat
16.62 8.988507 396 22674 close
9.10 4.920301 217 22673 fstat
0.37 0.201331 223 901 write
0.03 0.015656 447 35 23 open
0.02 0.008853 328 27 mmap
0.02 0.008239 358 23 brk
0.01 0.007008 501 14 mprotect
0.01 0.003540 354 10 read
0.01 0.003146 393 8 8 access
0.00 0.001808 452 4 munmap
0.00 0.000660 660 1 mremap
0.00 0.000615 308 2 2 statfs
0.00 0.000582 194 3 3 ioctl
0.00 0.000254 254 1 execve
0.00 0.000236 236 1 stat
0.00 0.000193 193 1 arch_prctl
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00 54.093260 114374 41 total
One cannot really compare the factual results, but what is significat is
the orders of magnitude difference in syscall time.
So I ripped this from the net:
Which turns out to be a BAD test, since linux caches the getpid value.
====
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <assert.h>
int foo(){
return(10);
}
long nanosec(struct timeval t){ /* Calculate nanoseconds in a timeval
structure */
return((t.tv_sec*1000000+t.tv_usec)*1000);
}
main(){
int i,j,res;
long N_iterations=1000000; /* A million iterations */
float avgTimeSysCall, avgTimeFuncCall;
struct timeval t1, t2;
/* Find average time for System call */
res=gettimeofday(&t1,NULL); assert(res==0);
for (i=0;i<N_iterations; i++){
j=getpid();
}
res=gettimeofday(&t2,NULL); assert(res==0);
avgTimeSysCall = (nanosec(t2) - nanosec(t1))/(N_iterations*1.0);
/* Find average time for Function call */
res=gettimeofday(&t1,NULL); assert(res==0);
for (i=0;i<N_iterations; i++){
j=foo();
}
res=gettimeofday(&t2,NULL); assert(res==0);
avgTimeFuncCall = (nanosec(t2) - nanosec(t1))/(N_iterations*1.0);
printf("Average time for System call getpid : %f\n",avgTimeSysCall);
printf("Average time for Function call : %f\n",avgTimeFuncCall);
}
====
Which gives on the real processor:
root@ubuntu-i386-14:/home/wjw/src# strace -c ./tests/getpid2
Average time for System call getpid : 17.775999
Average time for Function call : 13.661000
% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
0.00 0.000000 0 1 read
0.00 0.000000 0 2 write
0.00 0.000000 0 2 open
0.00 0.000000 0 2 close
0.00 0.000000 0 1 execve
0.00 0.000000 0 1 getpid
0.00 0.000000 0 3 3 access
0.00 0.000000 0 1 brk
0.00 0.000000 0 4 gettimeofday
0.00 0.000000 0 1 munmap
0.00 0.000000 0 3 mprotect
0.00 0.000000 0 7 mmap2
0.00 0.000000 0 3 fstat64
0.00 0.000000 0 1 set_thread_area
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00 0.000000 32 3 total
And on the virtualised one:
root@ubuntu-14:~/src# tests/getpid2
Average time for System call getpid : 1883.415039
Average time for Function call : 1032.593018
And the VM version does take some time to return the prompt.
So it is seems not to be a wall-clock time issue.
% time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
22.80 0.001528 191 8 mmap
17.77 0.001191 298 4 mprotect
16.68 0.001118 559 2 write
14.34 0.000961 320 3 3 access
9.01 0.000604 604 1 munmap
7.46 0.000500 250 2 open
4.19 0.000281 94 3 fstat
1.66 0.000111 111 1 execve
1.52 0.000102 102 1 read
1.33 0.000089 45 2 close
1.27 0.000085 85 1 brk
1.27 0.000085 85 1 getpid
0.70 0.000047 47 1 arch_prctl
------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ----------------
100.00 0.006702 30 3 total
But even with this bad test, it is clear that the overhead and slowness
in syscalls is killing the performance....
So:
1) I'm looking for a better basic syscall in Linux that is not cache,
faked or otherwise tweaked to nog give what I want.
Would really be nice if there was a NOP_syscall, just go in and out of
kernel space.....
2) I'm looking for an explanation (or better yet) a fix for the slow
systemcalls....
3) Can somebody do the same test on an intel plaform and see what the
results are.
Thanx,
--WjW
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