Hello Adam,

  * I would like to be able to produce a native DOS real-mode .exe file
    that will run in an emulator like DOSBox and on a real 8086 PC
    running DOS (i.e. without protected mode or extended memory).  It
    looks like there is an "ia16" port of GCC but this seems to produce
    ELF files rather than .exe?

gcc-ia16 (which I had been working on) does indeed produce 16-bit .exe
(and .com) programs which can run on MS-DOS.  It uses ELF mainly as an
intermediate object file format.

In terms of support for DOS programming idioms --- e.g. huge pointers
--- I would say Open Watcom is superior to gcc-ia16.  But you might
still find gcc-ia16 useful, depending on your needs.

Both gcc-ia16 and OW allow for "native" compilation (the toolchains run
on MS-DOS + 32-bit DPMI, and will produce 16-bit DOS programs), and for
cross-compiling from Linux to MS-DOS.  You can find pre-compiled binary
packages for gcc-ia16 and OW, for both these use cases.

Thank you!

--
https://github.com/tkchia :: https://gitlab.com/tkchia


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