https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=109865
--- Comment #11 from GARY.WHITE at ColoState dot edu <Gary.White at ColoState dot edu> --- I've never used valgrind -- what would it do? The problem isn't that the code is wrong -- otherwise -O0 would not generate correct results. The compiler is optimizing something incorrectly with -O1 that causes the numerical optimizer, i.e., va09ad code, to not work correctly. I included 2 files in the zip file that show incorrect and correct results -- basically va09ad just doesn't go anywhere, not finding an optimum after running to the maximum number of function calls. It's not blowing up or aborting -- just producing wrong answers. I am willing to walk you through where the critical code is located, but need to know more of what system you're working on and how I can help.