This is a partial fix for a long standing issue that Richard S. raised about a year ago.

Specifically he indicated that he believed our handling of VXRM mode switching was wrong and could lead to incorrect code, particularly WRT handling of calls.

Without rehashing everything related to VXRM, its sufficient to say that it has no known value at function entry or upon returning from a call.

If we look at the main scan loop in mode-switching we have:

          FOR_BB_INSNS (bb, insn)
            {
              if (NONDEBUG_INSN_P (insn))
                {
                  int mode = targetm.mode_switching.needed (e, insn, live_now);
                  rtx link;

                  if (mode != no_mode && mode != last_mode)
                    {
                      ptr = new_seginfo (last_mode, mode, insn, live_now);
                      add_seginfo (&tail_ptr, ptr);
                      bitmap_clear_bit (transp_all, bb->index);
                      any_set_required = true;
                      last_mode = mode;
                    }

The way to think about this is if INSN requests a mode and it is not the same as the last mode, then we've got a new point where we need to logically insert a mode switch and we clear TRANSP.

A CALL_INSN in the RISC-V backend produces NO_MODE (it doesn't need VXRM state).  So we never get into the then clause of that inner if statement and TRANSP stays on.

The fix is quite simple.  We need one more state in the VXRM mode switching that indicates we don't know VXRM's state after a call. While I could have hacked up the various hooks to special case CALLs, it was just as easy to adjust the attribute's generic handling so that any CALL_P is given the VXRM_MODE_CLOBBER state.

Out of an abundance of caution if we'll filter out any actual code generation setting it to CLOBBER state.

This is enough to make the testcase pass for rv64.  It's still failing rv32, but likely for completely different reasons.   It obviously doesn't cause any regressions on riscv{32,64}-elf and bootstraps will fire up later today on the Pioneer and BPI.

Planning to commit once pre-commit CI gives the green light
Jeff

        PR target/123626
gcc/
        * config/riscv/vector.md (vxrm_mode): Handle CALL_INSNs, which set
        the attribute to the new VXRM_MODE_CLOBBER state.
        * config/riscv/riscv.cc (riscv_emit_mode_set): Don't emit code when
        VXRM's state changes to VXRM_MODE_CLOBBER.

gcc/testsuite
        * gcc.target/riscv/rvv/base/pr123626.c: New test.

diff --git a/gcc/config/riscv/riscv.cc b/gcc/config/riscv/riscv.cc
index 949616a63d3c..a85a2035a8b7 100644
--- a/gcc/config/riscv/riscv.cc
+++ b/gcc/config/riscv/riscv.cc
@@ -13793,7 +13793,9 @@ riscv_emit_mode_set (int entity, int mode, int 
prev_mode,
   switch (entity)
     {
     case RISCV_VXRM:
-      if (mode != VXRM_MODE_NONE && mode != prev_mode)
+      if (mode != VXRM_MODE_NONE
+         && mode != VXRM_MODE_CLOBBER
+         && mode != prev_mode)
        emit_insn (gen_vxrmsi (gen_int_mode (mode, SImode)));
       break;
     case RISCV_FRM:
diff --git a/gcc/config/riscv/vector.md b/gcc/config/riscv/vector.md
index 8e20aac9bb8e..6bf01338117c 100644
--- a/gcc/config/riscv/vector.md
+++ b/gcc/config/riscv/vector.md
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ (define_attr "avl_type_idx" ""
 
 ;; Defines rounding mode of an fixed-point operation.
 
-(define_attr "vxrm_mode" "rnu,rne,rdn,rod,none"
+(define_attr "vxrm_mode" "rnu,rne,rdn,rod,clobber,none"
   (cond [(eq_attr "type" "vaalu,vsmul,vsshift,vnclip")
         (cond
           [(match_test "INTVAL (operands[9]) == riscv_vector::VXRM_RNU")
@@ -1017,7 +1017,9 @@ (define_attr "vxrm_mode" "rnu,rne,rdn,rod,none"
 
            (match_test "INTVAL (operands[9]) == riscv_vector::VXRM_ROD")
            (const_string "rod")]
-          (const_string "none"))]
+          (const_string "none"))
+        (match_test "CALL_P (insn)")
+        (const_string "clobber")]
         (const_string "none")))
 
 ;; Defines rounding mode of an floating-point operation.
diff --git a/gcc/testsuite/gcc.target/riscv/rvv/base/pr123626.c 
b/gcc/testsuite/gcc.target/riscv/rvv/base/pr123626.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ddf9b065d91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gcc/testsuite/gcc.target/riscv/rvv/base/pr123626.c
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/* { dg-do run } */
+/* { dg-options "-march=rv64gcv_zvl256b -mabi=lp64d -O3 -fsigned-char 
-fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -std=gnu99" { target rv64 } } */
+/* { dg-options "-march=rv32gcv_zvl256b -mabi=ilp32 -O3 -fsigned-char 
-fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -std=gnu99" { target rv32 } } */
+short a;
+long long b;
+char c[3][3][17];
+_Bool d;
+
+int main() {
+  for (long g=0; g<3; ++g)
+    for (long h=0; h<3; ++h)
+      for (long i=0; i<17; ++i)
+        c[g][h][i] = 2;
+
+  for (char g=0; g<3; g-=13)
+    for (short j=3; j<d+21; j+=2)
+      a += 2;
+
+  b = (int)a;
+  if (b != 180)
+    __builtin_abort ();
+  __builtin_exit (0);
+}

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