Asthenia0412 opened a new pull request, #53775:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/53775

   ## Background
   
   Issue #39149 reports that `pc.replace_substring_regex()` hangs indefinitely 
when passed a negative `max_replacements` value (other than -1 which means 
unlimited). The root cause is that the C++ kernel decrements `max_replacements` 
until it reaches 0, but a value like -3 becomes -4, -5, ... forever.
   
   ## Problem
   
   The Python layer's `ReplaceSubstringOptions.__init__` does not validate that 
`max_replacements >= -1`, allowing negative values to reach the C++ kernel and 
cause hangs.
   
   ## Solution
   
   Add input validation on the Python side to reject `max_replacements < -1` 
with a clear `ValueError`. This is a defensive fix that fails fast before the 
C++ kernel is invoked.
   
   ## Testing
   
   Added `test_replace_substring_negative_max_replacements` covering:
   - `max_replacements=-2`, `-3` -> raises ValueError (original bug scenario)
   - `max_replacements=-1`, `None` -> accepted, treated as unlimited
   - `max_replacements=0`, `5` -> accepted non-negative values
   


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