tobixdev commented on code in PR #18552:
URL: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/18552#discussion_r2514530669


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datafusion/common/src/types/canonical.rs:
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@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use crate::error::_internal_err;
+use crate::types::{
+    LogicalType, NativeType, TypeParameter, TypeSignature, ValuePrettyPrinter,
+};
+use crate::ScalarValue;
+use crate::{Result, _internal_datafusion_err};
+use arrow_schema::extension::{ExtensionType, Opaque, Uuid};
+use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
+use uuid::Bytes;
+
+impl LogicalType for Uuid {
+    fn native(&self) -> &NativeType {
+        &NativeType::FixedSizeBinary(16)
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> TypeSignature<'_> {
+        TypeSignature::Extension {
+            name: Uuid::NAME,
+            parameters: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pretty_printer(&self) -> &Arc<dyn ValuePrettyPrinter> {
+        static PRETTY_PRINTER: LazyLock<Arc<dyn ValuePrettyPrinter>> =
+            LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(UuidValuePrettyPrinter {}));
+        &PRETTY_PRINTER
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct UuidValuePrettyPrinter;
+
+impl ValuePrettyPrinter for UuidValuePrettyPrinter {
+    fn pretty_print_scalar(&self, value: &ScalarValue) -> Result<String> {
+        match value {
+            ScalarValue::FixedSizeBinary(16, value) => match value {
+                Some(value) => {
+                    let bytes = Bytes::try_from(value.as_slice()).map_err(|_| {
+                        _internal_datafusion_err!(
+                            "Invalid UUID bytes even though type is correct."
+                        )
+                    })?;
+                    let uuid = uuid::Uuid::from_bytes(bytes);
+                    Ok(format!("arrow.uuid({uuid})"))
+                }
+                None => Ok("arrow.uuid(NULL)".to_owned()),
+            },
+            _ => _internal_err!("Wrong scalar given to "),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the canonical [Opaque extension 
type](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/format/CanonicalExtensions.html#opaque).
+///
+/// In the context of DataFusion, a common use case of the opaque type is when 
an extension type
+/// is unknown to DataFusion. Contrary to [UnresolvedExtensionType], the 
extension type has
+/// already been checked against the extension type registry and was not found.
+impl LogicalType for Opaque {
+    fn native(&self) -> &NativeType {
+        &NativeType::FixedSizeBinary(16)
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> TypeSignature<'_> {
+        let parameter = TypeParameter::Type(TypeSignature::Extension {
+            name: self.metadata().type_name(),
+            parameters: vec![],
+        });
+        TypeSignature::Extension {
+            name: Opaque::NAME,
+            parameters: vec![parameter],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pretty_printer(&self) -> &Arc<dyn ValuePrettyPrinter> {
+        static PRETTY_PRINTER: LazyLock<Arc<dyn ValuePrettyPrinter>> =
+            LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(OpaqueValuePrettyPrinter {}));
+        &PRETTY_PRINTER
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO Other canonical extension types.
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct OpaqueValuePrettyPrinter;
+
+impl ValuePrettyPrinter for OpaqueValuePrettyPrinter {
+    fn pretty_print_scalar(&self, value: &ScalarValue) -> Result<String> {
+        Ok(format!("arrow.opaque({value})"))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents an unresolved extension type with a given native type and name.
+///
+/// This does not necessarily indicate that DataFusion does not understand the 
extension type. For
+/// this purpose, see [OpaqueType]. However, it does indicate that the 
extension type was not yet
+/// checked against the extension type registry.
+///
+/// This extension type exists because it is often challenging to gain access 
to an extension type
+/// registry. Especially because extension type support is relatively new, and 
therefore this
+/// consideration was not taken into account by users. This provides a 
workaround such that
+/// unresolved extension types can be resolved at a later point in time where 
access to the registry
+/// is available.
+pub struct UnresolvedExtensionType {
+    /// The name of the underlying extension type.
+    name: String,
+    /// The metadata of the underlying extension type.
+    metadata: Option<String>,
+    /// The underlying native type.
+    native_type: NativeType,
+}
+
+impl UnresolvedExtensionType {
+    /// Creates a new [UnresolvedExtensionType].
+    pub fn new(name: String, metadata: Option<String>, native_type: 
NativeType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            metadata,
+            native_type,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The name of the unresolved extension type.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// The metadata of the unresolved extension type.
+    pub fn metadata(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.metadata.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl LogicalType for UnresolvedExtensionType {
+    fn native(&self) -> &NativeType {
+        &self.native_type
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> TypeSignature<'_> {
+        let inner_type = TypeParameter::Type(TypeSignature::Extension {
+            name: &self.name,
+            parameters: vec![],
+        });
+        TypeSignature::Extension {
+            name: "datafusion.unresolved",
+            parameters: vec![inner_type],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pretty_printer(&self) -> &Arc<dyn ValuePrettyPrinter> {
+        static PRETTY_PRINTER: LazyLock<Arc<dyn ValuePrettyPrinter>> =
+            LazyLock::new(|| Arc::new(UnresolvedValuePrettyPrinter {}));
+        &PRETTY_PRINTER
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct UnresolvedValuePrettyPrinter {}
+
+impl ValuePrettyPrinter for UnresolvedValuePrettyPrinter {
+    fn pretty_print_scalar(&self, value: &ScalarValue) -> Result<String> {
+        Ok(format!("datafusion.unresolved({value})"))
+    }

Review Comment:
   I am not sure. I think this will depend on how we want to handle the whole 
unresolved situation. I was more thinking into the direction that we have a 
logical plan invariant (maybe only on the executable level) that ensures that 
no unresolved type is part of the plan / expressions when creating the 
execution plan.
   
   I think pretty printing is somewhat of a special case as it doesn't directly 
introduce wrong behavior and printing a value in, for example, error messages 
should maybe include the information that it is unresolved. Once we introduce 
extensions necessary for planning (e.g., the sorting stuff I was experimenting 
with), an error should probably be returned as you mentioned.
   
   Unifying with `Opaque` may be another possibility. Maybe distinguishing 
between unresolved and unknown isn't necessary.



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