Hyman Rosen wrote: [...] > Sorry, but according to CAFC, that's exactly what happens: > <http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/08-1001.pdf> > The Artistic License also uses the traditional language of > conditions by noting that the rights to copy, modify, and > distribute are granted Aprovided that@ the conditions are met. > Under California contract law, "provided that" typically > denotes a condition.
Under California contract law, provided that typically denotes a condition. See, e.g., Diepenbrock v. Luiz, 159 Cal. 716 (1911) The CAFC further ruled: The choice to exact consideration in the form of compliance with the open source requirements of disclosure and explanation of changes... How on earth can disclosure and explanation of changes come before (be a condition precedent) to the license grant? As discussed by The Supreme Court of California, the term provided may or may not indicate a condition, noting that there is no magic in the term [provided], and the clause in a contract is to be construed from the words employed and from the purpose of the parties, gathered from the whole instrument. Diepenbrock v. Luiz, 115 P. 743, 744 (Cal. 1911) (quoting Boston Safe Dep. and Trust Co. v. Thomas, 53 P. 472 (Kan. 1898) (finding that, based on a reading of an entire provision, a clause containing provided, that was not a condition)). It is undoubtedly true, as claimed by appellant, that stipulations in a contract are not construed as conditions precedent unless that construction is made necessary by the terms of the contract. ( Deacon v. Blodget, 111 Cal. 418, [44 Pac. 159]; Antonelle v. Lumber Co., 140 Cal. 318, [73 Pac. 966].) There are also well considered cases holding that provided does not necessarily impose a condition. In Hartung v. Witte, 59 Wis. 285, [18 N. W. 177], it is said: But the words, upon the express condition, as here used, or the words if it shall so happen or provided however and the like do not always make a condition, and it is often a nice question to determine whether it is a condition or a covenant and courts always construe similar clauses in a deed as covenants rather than as conditions, if they can reasonably do so. (2 Washburn on Real Property, 4.) In Stanley v. Colt, 72 U.S. 119, [18 L. Ed. 502], it is declared that The word provided though an appropriate word to constitute a common law condition does not invariably and of necessity do so. On the contrary, it may give way to the intent of the party as gathered from an examination of the whole instrument, and be taken as expressing a limitation in trust. Similarly in Woodruff v. Woodruff, 44 N. J. Eq. 353, [16 Atl. 6, 1 L. R. A. 380], it is said: While the words provided nevertheless and upon the following conditions are appropriate words to create a condition, they do not of necessity create such an estate. They and similar words, will give way when the intention of the grantor as manifested by the whole deed, is otherwise, and they have frequently been explained and applied as expressing simply a covenant or a limitation in trust. Indeed, the decisions are uniform to the point that, while ordinarily the word provided indicates that a condition follows, as expressed in Boston S. and D. v. Thomas, 59 Kan. 470, [53 Pac. 472], there is no magic in the term, and the clause in a contract is to be construed from the words employed and from the purpose of the parties, gathered from the whole instrument. The Restatement (Second) of Contracts Article 224 states: Condition Defined: A condition is an event, not certain to occur, which must occur, unless its non-occurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due. Obviously an event that depends on performance of a contract cannot occur *before* performance of the contract becomes due. This result is called an impossible condition in contract construction and is strictly construed *against* the drafter. The ruling of the CAFC reminds me of this limerick ridiculing the theory of special relativity: There was a young lady named Bright, Whose speed was far faster than light. She went out one day, In a relative way And returned the previous night! Arthur Reginald Buller See also: http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?3:mss:15936 http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?3:mss:15939 regards, alexander. regards, alexander. P.S. "I'm insufficiently motivated to go set up a GNU/Linux system so that I can do the builds." Hyman Rosen <hyro...@mail.com> The Silliest GPL 'Advocate' P.P.S. "Of course correlation implies causation! Without this fundamental principle, no science would ever make any progress." Hyman Rosen <hyro...@mail.com> The Silliest GPL 'Advocate' -- http://gng.z505.com/index.htm (GNG is a derecursive recursive derecursion which pwns GNU since it can be infinitely looped as GNGNGNGNG...NGNGNG... and can be said backwards too, whereas GNU cannot.) _______________________________________________ gnu-misc-discuss mailing list gnu-misc-discuss@gnu.org http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/gnu-misc-discuss