Battling the babu raj
Mar 6th 2008 | DELHI, JALAUN AND KOCHI
>From *The Economist* print edition
India has some of the hardest-working bureaucrats in the world, but its
administration has an abysmal record of serving the public AFP
RIGZIN SAMPHEL, a 33-year-old civil servant, wakes to the screeching of
peacocks outside his bedroom window. Stepping into the gentle sunshine of a
north Indian spring morning, he hears the lowing of three brown cows tasked
with providing his milk. A scuffling attends him, as armed guards, peons,
gardeners and orderlies—tasked with catering to Mr Samphel's other needs—hop
to attention.
A four-year veteran of the elite Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Mr
Samphel is the district magistrate of Jalaun, in Uttar Pradesh (UP)
province. More often called the collector, or district officer, the district
magistrate is the senior official of India's key administrative unit, the
district. In Jalaun, an expanse of arid plain between the Ganges and Yamuna
rivers, Mr Samphel is in charge of 564 villages and 1.4m people.
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After a hearty breakfast, he leaves his residence—requisitioned from a local
maharajah around 1840—and gets into his car: a white Ambassador, curvaceous
clone of the 1948 Morris Oxford, complete with siren and flashing blue
light, which has symbolised officialdom in India for six decades. Mr Samphel
takes the back seat; a policeman rides machinegun in the front; and in two
minutes they arrive at Mr Samphel's main office, the "collectorate".
There for the next four hours, beneath a portrait of a beaming Mohandas
Gandhi, Mr Samphel receives a stream of poor people. A turbaned flunkey
regulates the flow, letting in a dozen at a time. Many are old and ragged,
or blind. Paraplegics slither to the collector's feet on broken limbs. Most
bring a written plea, for the resumption of a widow's pension that has
mysteriously dried up; for money for an operation; for a tube-well or a
blanket. Many bear complaints against corrupt officials. One supplicant
wants permission to erect a statue of a dead politician: a former champion
of the Hindu outcastes who comprise nearly half of Jalaun's population.
Mr Samphel listens, asks questions and, in red ink, scrawls on the petitions
his response. For desperate cases, he orders an immediate payment of alms,
typically 2,000 rupees ($50), from the district Red Cross society, of which
he is president. More often, he writes a note to the official to whom the
petition should have been directed in the first place—or, wretchedly often,
to whom it has already been directed: "Act upon this according to the law."
Mr Samphel reckons he spends 60% of his time dealing with individual
supplicants—also outside the collectorate. As the Ambassador turns back on
to the road, it is waylaid by a tractor bringing a cartload of petitioners
in from a distant village. Then one of Mr Samphel's three mobile phones
bleeps. Someone wants firewood; Mr Samphel calls a forestry official to
relay the request. It is a hugely impressive performance. Mr Samphel works
16 hours a day, seven days a week, and reckons he has had two days off since
2003. But this is hardly an efficient way to minister to a needy population
almost half the size of New Zealand's.
Indeed, all India's administration is inefficient. According to the
Congress-led government's own estimate, most development spending fails to
reach its intended recipients. Instead it is sponged up, or siphoned off, by
a vast, tumorous bureaucracy. That is why, despite India's commitment to
universal health care, water and education, only five countries have a lower
portion of health spending in the public sector; over half of urban children
are educated privately; and nearly all investment in irrigation is private.
Under stress of tube-wells and a four-year drought, the water table in
Jalaun has fallen by up to 15 metres. Despite the proximity of two great
rivers, only 40% of the district is irrigated; no canal has been dug since
colonial times. As the harvest approaches, over half of Jalaun's peasant
inhabitants are growing nothing.
On coming to power in 2004, Manmohan Singh, the prime minister, said that
administrative reform—"at every level"—was his priority. Some economists see
India's malfunctioning public sector as its biggest obstacle to growth. Lant
Pritchett, of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, calls it "one of
the world's top ten biggest problems—of the order of AIDS and climate
change". Yet it is hard to find progress on Mr Singh's watch. Perhaps the
best that can be said is that a policy of the previous government, a hiring
freeze on two-thirds of vacant civil service posts, continues: since 2001
around 750,000 jobs have been left vacant. A right-to-information law,
passed in 2005, also contains at least a promise of official accountability.
But a more seismic reform, a 16-year campaign to decentralise power from the
states to local elected bodies known as panchayats, cutting out much of the
bureaucratic cancer altogether, has hardly moved.
Armies of clerks
Including railway workers, who comprise one of the world's biggest payrolls,
India's central government employs around 3m civil servants and the states
another 7m. They include vast armies of paper-shuffling peons. The number of
senior "Category One" bureaucrats—broadly speaking, "decision-makers",
according to Satyananda Mishra, boss of the Department of Personnel and
Training (DPT), which runs the civil service—is only 80,000. And the elite
IAS, which mostly runs India, numbers a mere 5,600.
Its ranks include almost all the collectors of India's 604 districts, and
over 60% of senior officials and managers working in government ministries
and publicly owned corporations. (The rest are mostly police and railway
officers.) As the successor to the colonial Indian Civil Service—the "steel
frame" of British rule, according to one prime minister, Lloyd George—the
IAS was designed to perform the same unifying function. It is a national and
permanent service, theoretically apolitical, and recruited and trained at
the centre. Yet its members serve mostly in the states—the main exception
being 600 of the most senior babus who, in Whitehall fashion, advise
ministers and draft policy in Delhi.
Across India, the IAS commands both reverence and contempt. Male recruits
are among India's most marriageable: more suitable, it is said, than the
elite geeks of the country's booming computer-services industry. Indeed,
India's recent run of 8% economic growth has if anything increased their
prestige, by creating more senior positions for which IAS officers are
required. This year 140 people will be recruited into the IAS from around
200,000 applicants, one of the biggest intakes ever.
Yet the steel frame has now become a serious bind on badly needed reforms.
As the author of a typical recent IAS history and former mandarin, Sanjoy
Bagchi, puts it: "Overwhelmed by the constant feed of adulatory ambrosia,
the maturing entrant tends to lose his head and balance. The diffident
youngster of early idealistic years, in course of time, is transformed into
an arrogant senior fond of throwing his weight around; he becomes a
conceited prig."
Part of the problem, such critics say, is that the quality of IAS recruits
is falling. They identify a number of reasons for this: falling education
standards; growing competition for talent from the private sector;
increasing political interference; and, above all, caste-based reservations,
which now retain half of all IAS posts for outcaste and low-caste Hindus and
members of tribal communities. Former mandarins also point to chronic and
worsening standards of probity across the public service. And yet, compared
with the hirelings of almost any other Indian institution, IAS recruits
remain excellent.
Overload may be a better explanation for the service's failings. In Jalaun,
Mr Samphel is theoretically the boss of 65 government departments. Around
one in five of these, he estimates, is run by a competent deputy. He
laments: "If I don't put pressure on my juniors, everything gets largely
corrupted." For general administration, Mr Samphel, whose collectorate
contains not one computer, has an annual budget of $22.5m.
Compared with his British forebears', Mr Samphel's list of duties has grown
crazily. Like them, he is primarily responsible for maintaining order and
collecting land revenues in his district. In the first case, he mostly
defers to the local police chief, Jalaun's only other first-rate official.
But in the district that was once home to a notorious, now murdered, female
bandit, Phoolan Devi, Mr Samphel is also regularly called on to authorise
arbitrary police actions: for example, to extend summary detentions under
the "Gangster Act".
Mr Samphel's second core responsibility, collecting revenue, is a lesser
burden. Land taxes, which have scarcely risen since British days, are now
principally a means of updating the land registry. Yet the corruption and
incompetence that dog this process—of crucial concern to peasant
India—propel many supplicants to Mr Samphel's door. In addition, India's
collectors manage two other, not inconsiderable, events: elections and a
decennial census. They also organise the government's response to natural
disasters, such as the tsunami which, in 2004, killed over 7,000 in southern
Tamil Nadu.
The collectors' other great burden—overseeing the design and management of
massive welfare and development projects—is one the IAS was never designed
for, and by and large performs abysmally. Mr Samphel, for example, oversees
the spending of another $25m on 30-odd welfare programmes. Over the past
year he has doled out $14m for a charitable ditch-digging project, the
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), which is to be spread
across India this year. As the drought bites, he has requested another $13m
for this project; it has yet to arrive.
Political entanglements
In even the best of worlds, Mr Samphel's would be an impossible job. In
India's corrupt democracy, the collectors' burden is made much heavier by
interfering politicians. The problem is most grievous in north India, where
civil servants tend to attach themselves to politicians for enrichment,
advancement—or in despair of otherwise getting their jobs done. The habit is
said to have been implanted in the system during India's 1975 state of
emergency, when, with the help of senior bureaucrats, Indira Gandhi grabbed
power for 21 months. One IAS officer tainted by the hiatus was Navin Chawla,
a senior civil servant in Delhi with strong ties to the Gandhi family,
Congress's leaders. A government inquiry into the emergency ruled that he
was "unfit to hold any public office which demands an attitude of fair play
and consideration for others". The current government has made him deputy
chief of India's election commission.
Under India's constitution, politicians cannot sack IAS officers. Instead
they tend to misuse their power to transfer or suspend them. On January 31st
four IAS officers were suspended by UP's chief minister, Mayawati, a
champion of outcaste dalits. Their crime was to have penned friendly words
about Rahul Gandhi, Mrs Gandhi's grandson, a rising force in the Congress
party. Indeed, after any transfer of power in UP, Madhya Pradesh (MP),
Orissa and Bihar, scores of senior civil servants are routinely
shunted—including Mr Samphel's predecessor, who was, not coincidentally, of
the same Hindu caste as the outgoing chief minister. During a riotous
eight-month rule over MP in 2003-04, a politician called Uma Bharati
transferred 240 of the state's 296 IAS officers.
To mitigate the damage done by such shake-ups, the DPT, of which Mr Mishra
is chief, recently changed the civil-service code, fixing the minimum job
tenure at two years. Alas, only a handful of states have accepted this—as
they are constitutionally obliged to do. And yet other decent plans and
proposals exist. Continued retrenchment is one; according to Sheila Dikshit,
Delhi's chief minister and the widow of an IAS officer, around half of
senior civil service posts could be scrapped. Another proposal is to lower
the upper age limit for IAS recruits, thereby, it is argued, improving their
quality.
Civil service pay, currently $500 a month for a district collector, might
also be increased. A decennial pay commission, due to report this month, is
expected to recommend this. Logic—though little evidence—suggests that this
might reduce the tendency of senior babus to steal. It might also fend off
growing competition for India's brightest talent from private companies,
though retaining civil servants is not yet proving difficult; over the past
year, fewer than 20 IAS officers have quit the service to join the private
sector. Getting rid of corrupt or incompetent civil servants is rather
trickier. In a 40-year IAS career, B.K. Chaturvedi, a former head of the
civil service, can recall only three officers having been dismissed.
A Band-Aid on a corpse
Sensible as these changes may be, however, reforms written by civil servants
are unlikely to provide the necessary transformation in India's civil
service. Nor is technology the instant elixir it is sometimes considered to
be. Inspired by a crusading IAS officer, in the past two years Karnataka
state has built 800 privately managed "telecentres" where citizens can
access land records, birth and death certificates and driving licences
online. Following its lead, the central government is rolling out 100,000
similar terminals, with additional services in education and health care.
The benefits of skipping a rung or two of rent-seeking officialdom are
manifest.
But in a mostly unreformed system, rent-seekers have a habit of clawing
back. The title of a draft paper by researchers at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology is apt: "Putting Band-Aid on a corpse: incentives
for nurses in the Indian public health-care system". To encourage a batch of
Rajasthani nurses to show up for work—which, on any day, over 60% did
not—its authors began monitoring their attendance at village health centres
by computer and sending the results to the state health ministry. Threatened
with fines, half of the absentees returned to work. Six months later, they
began breaking the computers and reporting "machine problems". After 16
months, the health centres featured in the study were no more likely to
contain a nurse than any other.
No doubt Mr Singh is right: to provide poor Indians with halfway decent
public services, the bureaucracy needs, root-and-branch, to be made
accountable. But this will not happen soon. Indeed, one of the more hopeful
changes will be organic. As India's economy grows, inflating land prices and
increasing opportunities for private contractors, corrupt politicians and
bureaucrats may find reliable sources of rent that do not involve stealing
directly from the mouths of the poor. More managed and substantial reforms,
including the right to information and decentralising power, are also
hopeful. Yet they are in their infancy, partly because of resistance from
jealous bureaucrats.
India's panchayats, or local governments, are in theory responsible for
managing welfare and development schemes in their district or urban area.
But many are powerless. In only two states, Communist-ruled Kerala and West
Bengal, have they been given control over their own budgets—with patchy
success.
Kerala, for example, has put 90% of development spending in the hands of its
panchayats. In addition to central government schemes such as the NREGS,
village panchayats in the southern state have $250,000 a year to spend as
they choose. This has reduced the collector to a regulatory role: overseeing
land records and advising the panchayats. On paper, this looks terrific. It
also helps that Kerala is one of India's least corrupt states. And yet
panchayat leaders, often drawn from feudal or political elites, can be as
self-serving as any babu. S.M. Vijayanand, chief official of Kerala's Local
Self Government Department and a main architect of the reform, concedes that
the new system also misses the collector's managerial skills. He says: "It's
more equitable, more accountable, more democratic, but there's a cost also
in efficiency."
In Kochi, the state's seaside capital, the district collector, Muhammad
Hanish, enjoys the same trappings of office, and suffers many of the same
burdens, as Mr Samphel. Stepping out of his white Ambassador, Mr Hanish, who
is 38, inspects a suburb of Kochi with relish. ("This is the end of my town;
after this, the Arabian Sea.") He has just spent four hours dealing with 200
poor supplicants. He is in charge of 60 departments. Yet, unlike Mr Samphel,
he has no control over their budgets. Nor is he directly responsible for
planning and implementing the public works that they are called on to
perform. After three-and-a-half years in the job, during which time he
reckons to have seen 10,000 project proposals, Mr Hanish says he has forced
the local panchayat to drop "less than ten" of them.
That is as it should be. Elected panchayats, unlike elite civil servants,
can be held to account. But it may take years before poor Indians enjoy the
benefits of this. For now, Mr Hanish says the new system has made his job
more difficult and the delivery of public services poorer. "Most panchayat
leaders are incompetent. Too many are corrupt."
Yet elsewhere the picture may be worse. In most states, including UP,
politicians and bureaucrats have denied the panchayats even modest power.
The ditch-digging NREGS is an example. It is hard to know what UP's
panchayats exist for, if not to identify and organise its wretched
beneficiaries. But it is the collectors who mostly control the scheme.
And so in Kochi, after a hellish long day, Mr Hanish goes home to work until
2am on the next day's files. Meanwhile in Jalaun, 2,400km to the north, Mr
Samphel sets out to inspect freshly dug ditches, and listen to the infinite
complaints of their ragged diggers, by torchlight.
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