Malcolm Wallace <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> > > > Is there some reason haskell binaries have to be statically
> > > > linked?
> It would not be entirely fair to lay all the blame for large Haskell
> binaries entirely at the door of static vs. dynamic linking.
Well, considering that compiling the C binary statically linked
produces an even bigger executable:
$ gcc -static hello.c -o hello_c
$ ls -l hello_c hello_hs
-rwxrwxr-x 1 jcast jcast 441624 Jul 23 20:56 hello_c
-rwxrwxr-x 1 jcast jcast 157028 Jul 18 14:08 hello_hs
I think dynamic linking is fair game :)
> After all, the Haskell version is dynamically linked against exactly
> the same shared libraries as the C version, at least on my machine:
> ldd Hello (Hello.hs)
> libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x40022000)
> libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40044000)
> /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
> Of course, it is static linking against the *Haskell* runtime
> system, Prelude and Libraries that is the cause of binary bloat.
> Quite simply, lots of extra stuff is dragged in that isn't visible
> in the apparently simple source program. For instance, I can find
> all the following symbols in the binary for "hello world" (compiled
> with nhc98):
> putStr, shows, showChar, showParen, showString, fromCString,
> toCString, hGetFileName, hPutChar, hPutStr, error, flip, id, init,
> length, not, putChar, putStrLn, seq, show, subtract, exitWith,
> instance Bounded Int (maxBound, minBound), instance Enum Ordering
> (succ, pred, toEnum, fromEnum, enumFrom, enumFromThen, enumFromTo,
> enumFromThenTo), instance Enum ErrNo (succ, pred, toEnum,
> fromEnum, enumFrom, enumFromThen, enumFromTo, enumFromThenTo),
> instance Monad IO (>>=, >>, return, fail), instance Eq ErrNo (==,
> /=), instance Eq Int (==, /=), instance Eq Ordering (==, /=),
> instance Num Int (+, -, *, negate, abs, signum, fromInteger),
> instance Ord Int (compare, <, <=, >=, >, max, min), instance Show
> ErrNo (show, showsPrec, showList), instance Show IOError (show,
> showsPrec, showList), instance Show Int (show, showsPrec, showList)
Well, look at the symbols I find in the statically linked C hello
world:
_Exit _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ _IO_2_1_stderr_ _IO_2_1_stdin_
_IO_2_1_stdout_ _IO_adjust_column _IO_adjust_wcolumn _IO_cleanup
_IO_default_doallocate _IO_default_finish _IO_default_imbue
_IO_default_pbackfail _IO_default_read _IO_default_seek
_IO_default_seekoff _IO_default_seekpos _IO_default_setbuf
_IO_default_showmanyc _IO_default_stat _IO_default_sync
_IO_default_uflow _IO_default_underflow _IO_default_write
_IO_default_xsgetn _IO_default_xsputn _IO_do_write _IO_doallocbuf
_IO_fclose _IO_file_attach _IO_file_close _IO_file_close_it
_IO_file_doallocate _IO_file_finish _IO_file_fopen _IO_file_init
_IO_file_jumps _IO_file_open _IO_file_overflow _IO_file_read
_IO_file_seek _IO_file_seekoff _IO_file_setbuf _IO_file_stat
_IO_file_sync _IO_file_underflow _IO_file_write _IO_file_xsgetn
_IO_file_xsputn _IO_flockfile _IO_flush_all _IO_flush_all_linebuffered
_IO_flush_all_lockp _IO_fopen _IO_fprintf _IO_free_backup_area
_IO_free_wbackup_area _IO_ftrylockfile _IO_funlockfile _IO_fwide
_IO_getdelim _IO_getline _IO_getline_info _IO_helper_jumps
_IO_helper_overflow _IO_init _IO_init_marker _IO_init_wmarker
_IO_iter_begin _IO_iter_end _IO_iter_file _IO_iter_next
_IO_least_marker _IO_least_wmarker _IO_link_in _IO_list_all
_IO_list_all_stamp _IO_list_lock _IO_list_resetlock _IO_list_unlock
_IO_marker_delta _IO_marker_difference _IO_new_do_write _IO_new_fclose
_IO_new_file_attach _IO_new_file_close_it _IO_new_file_finish
_IO_new_file_fopen _IO_new_file_init _IO_new_file_overflow
_IO_new_file_seekoff _IO_new_file_setbuf _IO_new_file_sync
_IO_new_file_underflow _IO_new_file_write _IO_new_file_xsputn
_IO_new_fopen _IO_no_init _IO_padn _IO_printf _IO_remove_marker
_IO_seekmark _IO_seekoff _IO_seekwmark _IO_setb _IO_sgetn
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_IO_stdout _IO_str_count _IO_str_finish _IO_str_init_readonly
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_IO_str_seekoff _IO_str_underflow _IO_sungetc _IO_sungetwc
_IO_switch_to_backup_area _IO_switch_to_get_mode
_IO_switch_to_main_get_area _IO_switch_to_main_wget_area
_IO_switch_to_wbackup_area _IO_switch_to_wget_mode _IO_un_link
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_IO_vsscanf _IO_wdefault_doallocate _IO_wdefault_finish
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_IO_wfile_xsputn _IO_wide_data_0 _IO_wide_data_1 _IO_wide_data_2
_IO_wmarker_delta _IO_wpadn _IO_wsetb __CTOR_END__ __CTOR_LIST__
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The point is, /both/ libraries have a lot of code re-use. Dynamic
linking puts that code re-use in some random .so in $foo/lib; static
linking puts it in your executable. That's the major difference.
(The minor difference is that most Haskell implementations use libc
more than most C implementations use the Haskell standard libraries.)
> This is not the fault of any particular implementation - the
> ghc-built binary has a similar collection - rather it is dictated by
> the nature of the language and its standard libraries. Because
> Prelude functions are small and re-usable, they do get used all over
> the place in the implementation of other parts of the Prelude, so
> you end up with a huge dependency graph hiding underneath the
> simplest of calls.
You mean like printf("Hello, world!\n")?
> In fact, most of the extra stuff in "Hello World" is there purely to
> handle all possible error conditions in the I/O monad.
You mean as opposed to C, where most of the extra stuff is there
purely to support number formatting?
> Several years ago, Colin Runciman and I did the experiment of
> removing all the nice error-handling stuff from the prelude (and
> eliminating a few classes too I think), to see just how small we
> could squash "Hello World". The idea was to target embedded systems
> where memory is a scarce resource, and fancy error-reporting is
> pointless (a single red LED would do). IIRC, we managed to achieve
> a size of 25kb, compiled with nhc98, which don't forget includes a
> bytecode interpreter in the runtime system.
> Regards,
> Malcolm
To sum up: code re-use within a library certainly happens in more
languages than just Haskell :) So don't blame code re-use for
Haskell-specific (or non-specific) problems, because code re-use is
not a Haskell-specific cause.
Jon Cast
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