Hi,
It seems to me that basically, a run of Oleg's code is :: IO Int,
not Int, so there is little sense to talk about referential transparencies
by comparing the results of two runs.
It would have sense by making the comparison directly in a single run,
inside the code (using a pure compare function).
Cheers,
Thu
2009/3/5 Lennart Augustsson <lenn...@augustsson.net>:
> I don't see any breaking of referential transparence in your code.
> Every time you do an IO operation the result is basically
> non-deterministic since you are talking to the outside world.
> You're assuming the IO has some kind of semantics that Haskell makes
> no promises about.
>
> I'm not saying that this isn't a problem, because it is.
> But it doesn't break referential transparency, it just makes the
> semantics of IO even more complicated.
>
> (I don't have a formal proof that unsafeInterleaveIO cannot break RT,
> but I've not seen an example where it does yet.)
>
> -- Lennart
>
> On Thu, Mar 5, 2009 at 2:12 AM, <o...@okmij.org> wrote:
>>
>>
>> We demonstrate how lazy IO breaks referential transparency. A pure
>> function of the type Int->Int->Int gives different integers depending
>> on the order of evaluation of its arguments. Our Haskell98 code uses
>> nothing but the standard input. We conclude that extolling the purity
>> of Haskell and advertising lazy IO is inconsistent.
>>
>> Henning Thielemann wrote on Haskell-Cafe:
>>> Say I have a chain of functions: read a file, ... write that to a file,
>>> all of these functions are written in a lazy way, which is currently
>>> considered good style
>>
>> Lazy IO should not be considered good style. One of the common
>> definitions of purity is that pure expressions should evaluate to the
>> same results regardless of evaluation order, or that equals can be
>> substituted for equals. If an expression of the type Int evaluates to
>> 1, we should be able to replace every occurrence of the expression with
>> 1 without changing the results and other observables.
>>
>> The expression (read s) where s is the result of the (hGetContents h1)
>> action has the pure type, e.g., Int. Yet its evaluation does more than
>> just producing an integer: it may also close a file associated with
>> the handle h1. Closing the file has an observable effect: the file
>> descriptor, which is a scarce resource, is freed. Some OS lock the
>> open file, or prevent operations such as renaming and deletion on the
>> open file. A file system whose file is open cannot be
>> unmounted. Suppose I use an Haskell application such as an editor to
>> process data from a removable drive. I mount the drive, tell the
>> application the file name. The (still running) application finished
>> with the file and displayed the result. And yet I can't unplug the
>> removable drive, because it turns out that the final result was
>> produced without needing to read all the data from the file, and the
>> file remains unclosed.
>>
>> Some people say: the programmer should have used seq. That is the
>> admission of guilt! An expression (read s)::Int that evaluates to 1 is
>> equal to 1. So, one should be able substitute (read s) with 1. If the
>> result of evaluating 1 turns out not needed for the final outcome,
>> then not evaluating (read s) should not affect the outcome. And yet it
>> does. One uses seq to force evaluation of an expression even if the
>> result may be unused. Thus the expression of a pure type
>> has *side-effect*.
>>
>> The advice about using seq reminds me of advice given to C programmers
>> that they should not free a malloc'ed pointer twice, dereference a
>> zero pointer and write past the boundary of an array. If lazy IO is
>> considered good style given the proper use of seq, then C should be
>> considered safe given the proper use of pointers and arrays.
>>
>> Side affects like closing a file are observable in the external
>> world. A program may observe these effects, in an IO monad. One can
>> argue there are no guarantees at all about what happens in the IO
>> monad. Can side-effects of lazy IO be observable in _pure_ Haskell
>> code, in functions with pure type? Yes, they can. The examples are
>> depressingly easy to write, once one realizes that reading does have
>> side effects, POSIX provides for file descriptor aliasing, and sharing
>> becomes observable with side effects. Here is a simple Haskell98 code.
>>
>>
>>> {- Haskell98! -}
>>>
>>> module Main where
>>>
>>> import System.IO
>>> import System.Posix.IO (fdToHandle, stdInput)
>>>
>>> -- f1 and f2 are both pure functions, with the pure type.
>>> -- Both compute the result of the subtraction e1 - e2.
>>> -- The only difference between them is the sequence of
>>> -- evaluating their arguments, e1 `seq` e2 vs. e2 `seq` e1
>>> -- For really pure functions, that difference should not be observable
>>>
>>> f1, f2:: Int -> Int -> Int
>>>
>>> f1 e1 e2 = e1 `seq` e2 `seq` e1 - e2
>>> f2 e1 e2 = e2 `seq` e1 `seq` e1 - e2
>>>
>>> read_int s = read . head . words $ s
>>>
>>> main = do
>>> let h1 = stdin
>>> h2 <- fdToHandle stdInput
>>> s1 <- hGetContents h1
>>> s2 <- hGetContents h2
>>> print $ f1 (read_int s1) (read_int s2)
>>> -- print $ f2 (read_int s1) (read_int s2)
>>
>>
>> One can compile it with GHC (I used 6.8.2, with and without -O2) and
>> run like this
>> ~> /tmp/a.out
>> 1
>> 2
>> -1
>> That is, we run the program and type 1 and 2 as the inputs. The
>> program prints out the result, -1. If we comment out the line
>> "print $ f1 (read_int s1) (read_int s2)" and uncomment out the last
>> line the transcript looks like this
>> ~> /tmp/a.out
>> 1
>> 2
>> 1
>>
>> Running the code with Hugs exhibits the same behavior. Thus a pure
>> function (-) of the pure type gives different results depending on the
>> order of evaluating its arguments.
>>
>> Is 1 = -1?
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
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