Assalamu'alaikum mas Yudhi
beberapa hari ini, saya mencoba untuk mentranslate ke dlm bahasa indonesia disela2 kesibukan.saya menemui beberapa kendala mas. kalo bisa, gambar2nya tolong diattach ato saya diberi naskah lengkapnya (tulisan dan gambar).
bagaimana saya bisa mentranslate dengan tepat jika gambar tdk ada?karena kebanyakan menerangkan tehnik bergambar sehingga saya harus tahu keseluruhannya agar tepat penterjemahannya.
wassalam
dr Yuly Eko
yudhis97 <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
yudhis97 <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
Kalau membaca situs http://indofirstaid.com dalam seminggu ini banyak
artikel dan tehnik baru dalam bahasa Inggris yang sedang kami ubah ke
bahasa Indonesia. Mohon bantuannya bapak/ibu rekan/jika berkenan
mohon dibantu mengartikan artikel dibawah ini ke bahasa Indonesia.
Artikel ini sangat bagus karena disertai gambar2x, bila sudah
diartikan nama transaltor akan kami pampangkan di situs.
Terimakasih
Yudhistira
===================
Casualty lifting
Casualty lifting is the first step of casualty movement, an early
aspect of emergency medical care. It is the procedure used to put the
casualty (the patient) on a stretcher.
Developed emergency services use lifting devices, such a scoop
stretchers, that allow secured lifting with minimal personnel. Other
methods (explained below) can be used when such device is not
available.
Since only stabilised casualties are moved (except in unusual
circumstances), the lifting is usually never performed in emergency;
emergency movements are sometimes performed to respect the Golden
Hour. This depends on the organisation of the medical services and on
the specific circumstances.
Maximum care must be taken to avoid to worsen an unstable trauma. The
head-neck-chest axis must be kept straight to protect the spine, and
the first responders must keep the patient's body stable (no movement
of the feet) during the lift.
The first responders have to carry a heavy load (probably more than
20 kg for an adult casualty) in an uncomfortable position. There is
thus a risk of injury to the carrier, especially of the lumbar back.
To avoid an injury, they must push with their legs (quadriceps),
trying to keep their back straight.
Contents [showhide]
1 Preparation of the stretcher
2 Use of a scoop stretcher
3 Vertical lift
3.1 With five team members
3.2 With four team members
3.3 Lifting with a strap
4 Translation lift
5 Rolling methods
6 Seated person
[edit]
Preparation of the stretcher
placing a blanket on a stretcherThe stretcher must be unfolded, and
the hinges secured and tested: a first responder presses the cloth
with his knee at several point. When a vacuum mattress is used, it
must be put on the stretcher, and the balls must be evenly
distributed. A blanket is often used since hypothermia is a major
risk for a casualty. The blanket must be wrapped around the casualty
to avoid the heat leak from below (this is not necessary when the
stretcher has a mattress, e.g. a vacuum mattress, or in case of an
ambulance stretcher). For this purpose, the blanket is put before the
lifting, and folded in a specific way:
the blanket is laid so the diagonal is along the axis of the
stretcher;
the corners are put on the center of the stretcher;
the folded part are then rolled towards the stretcher;
the rolls are then put under the blanket, so they will not unroll
spontaneously; the corners are sticking out so they can be pulled.
[edit]
Use of a scoop stretcher
The use of a scoop stretcher allows a secure lifting with only two
team members even in case of a spinal trauma. The use of this device
is thus recommended for most operations.
However, in many situations, there is a lack not of people but of
devices. Additionally, the scoop stretcher does not allow to maintain
the legs up or a half-seated position for the casualty. For these
reasons, the other methods are still taught.
See the article Scoop stretcher.
[edit]
Vertical lift
[edit]
With five team members
Vertical lifting with five team members, the stretcher coming from
the feet's side; the bottom illustration shows a view of the back of
the casualty (from below), with the positions of the feet and of the
hands of the first responders
Vertical lifting with five team members, the stretcher coming from
the head's sideThe most secured way to put a casualty on a stretcher
is to use a vertical lift with five first responders including the
chief (the procedure is called pont am�lior� in French, pont refers
to a gantry, am�lior� means "enhanced"). The casualty is lifted by
four first responders:
the chief has one knee down, one knee up, and holds the head; he/she
can hold it by sliding the finger under the head, the palm placed on
each side of the head; or he/she can place one hand under the neck
and hold the occiput, the other hand under the chin;
the first team member supports himself on the shoulder of another
team member, and steps over the casualty; he/she puts his/hers hands
under the shoulders;
the second team member supports himself on the shoulder of another
team member, and steps over the casualty; he/she puts his/hers hands
under the hip;
the third team member hold the ankles;
the fourth team member pushes the stretcher.
The feet of the team members must be enough spaced so the stretcher
can slide in between. If the chief uses the occipital-chin grip, the
knee that is up is the knee on the side of the hand under the neck:
as this arm supports the heaviest weight, it can supports itself on
the knee.
On the order of the chief, the casualty is lifted, the stretcher is
pushed, and the casualty is put down on the stretcher. During this
procedure, the chief remains kneeling (stable); the other team
members lift pushing with their legs (arms stretched out, back kept
straight). Then, the first and second team members pull back,
supporting themselves on the shoulder of a still standing member.
With this method, the movement of the casualty is minimal, just
vertical.
When there is no room at the feet of the casualty for the stretcher,
it must then be placed on the side of the head. The chief must then
kneel aside. If he uses the occipital-chin grip, the hand under the
neck must be the closest to the casualty's feet; the same knee is up.
[edit]
With four team members
Vertical lifting with four team members, or "simple lifting"With only
four first responders, it is necessary to use a "simple" lift (pont
simple in French): the chief plays the role of the first team member:
he steps over the casualty and places one hand under the neck, the
other hand under the back, between the shoulder blades. The stretcher
can come from the feet or from the head. This method is not adapted
in case of suspicion of a spine trauma.
[edit]
Lifting with a strap
lifting with a strapA handling strap can help the lifting. The strap
for this use should be 6 m long (20 ft), at least 3 cm wide (1.2 in)
to share out the weight and avoid the pain, and resist at least to a
weight of 150 kg (330 lb).
The strap is slided under the casualty: the flat profile can slide
easily under the back and the pelvis without lifting the casualty.
This strap will form two handles, thus, the team member at the pelvis
will have a better grip and a vertical back; the strap crosses in the
middle of the back, thus the team member at the head (lifting with
four team members) are at the shoulders (lifting with five team
members) does not have to put his/hers arm between the shoulder
blades, and can then lift with a vertical back. The verticality of
the back of the team members is particularly important in case of an
overweight casualty.
The strap can be put with two method:
when the hollow of the back (just above the pelvis) is small (left
picture), then the strap is slided in this hollow until its middle;
then, each end is slided under the neck, the two branches of the
strap are slided under the back, then the middle part is slided under
the buttock;
when the hollow of the back is enough high (right picture): the strap
is folded in three, then slided in under the hollow of the back; the
two extremities are slided towards the shoulders, and the middle part
is slided under the buttocks.
Then, one extremity of the strap goes on a shoulder of the team
member and under his/hers opposite armpit (it crosses the back), and
is tied to the other or held together by the team member; a hand is
also put under the neck to support the head.
[edit]
Translation lift
Casualty lifting using the translation lift with four first
responders
Casualty lifting using the translation lift with three first
respondersThe translation lift, or "Dutch" lift, is used when it is
not possible to push the stretcher: there no room for the stretcher
at the feet or head of the casualty, or the stretcher cannot
slide/roll on the ground, or there are not enough first responders
available. In such a case, the stretcher is placed besides the
casualty.
With four first responders (including the chief), the first and
second team members step over the casualty and the stretcher, the
foot is on the farthest pole of the stretcher. The chief holds the
closest pole with his knee on the ground, and the third team member
with his ankle. The positions of the hands are the same as for the
vertical lift with five first responders.
The first in place is the chief. The stretcher is slided besides the
casualty, the pole against the thigh of the chief. Then, the third
team member takes place. Once the both extremities of the pole are
blocked, the other team members can step over the casualty (one by
one, holding the others' shoulder to avoid falling) without any risk
of rocking for the stretcher.
On the order of the chief, the casualty is lifted and translated on
the stretcher.
This method can be performed with only three first responders. In
this case, the chief plays the role of the first team member; he
blocks the pole with his ankle, and puts one hand under the neck, the
other one under the back, between the shoulder blades. Only the team
member at the hips steps over the stretcher.
[edit]
Rolling methods
Casualty lifting: roll-and-lift method with a long spine board
alternative for the position of the rescuers; note the arms that
cross on the hips
roll-and-lift with a flexible stretcher
manual roll-and-lift method, or "spoon lifting", with three team
membersThe rolling methods can only be used on a casualty who does
not have an unstable trauma. They are especially helpful for heavy
weighted casualties: the rolling does not require much effort, and
the lifting itself is done in a more comfortable position (the back
of the first responders is vertical). They are also interesting when
the casualty is in a very narrow place such as a pit or a ditch: the
rolling allows sliding the lifting device (board, flexible stretcher,
halves of the scoop stretcher).
The rolling methods consist in rolling the casualty on his/her side;
it is then possible:
to put a long spine board against his/her back, then to roll back the
casualty on his/her back;
to slide a folded flexible stretcher (or a blanket); the casualty is
then rolled on the other side to unfold the flexible stretcher.
The casualty can then be lifted with the handles of the long spine
board or of the flexible stretcher (or holding the rolled sides of
the blanket), and put on the stretcher.
Usually, the method is done with four first responders, including the
chief:
the chief is kneeling at the head, in the axis of the casualty, and
holds the head;
the first team member is kneeling besides the casualty, and holds the
opposite shoulder and the opposite hip;
the second team member is kneeling at the feet, in the axis of the
victim, and holds the ankles;
at the order of the chief, the casualty is rolled towards the first
team member, and the fourth team member puts the board or the
flexible stretcher in place.
This method can be adapted to place a casualty on a vacuum mattress
(see this article).
This method can also be performed by only two first responders: the
chief plays the role of the first team member, and the only team
member deals with the board (neither the head nor the ankles are
gripped). This is rather traumatic for the casualty, but can be used
when there is non suspicion of trauma, either in emergency (e.g. to
transport a cardiac arrest when advanced life support cannot be
performed onsite), or when the first responders are lacking.
The method with a flexible stretcher was inspired by the method used
to change the sheets of an impotent patient at the hospital. The
flexible stretcher is placed beside the casualty, and a sheet is put
on it. The third of the stretcher that is the closest to the casualty
is folded on the middle third. The casualty is first rolled away from
the stretcher, and the stretcher is slided against the back of the
casualty. Then the casualty is put on his/her back and rolled on the
other side ; the stretcher and the sheet are unfolded. The casualty
is wrapped into the sheet, and can be lifted with the handles of the
flexible stretcher.
It is also possible to use a roll-and-lift method, or "spoon" lifting
(relevage � la cuiller in French), with three people:
the first responders are placed on the same side of the casualty; the
knee that is closest to the head is lifted, the other one is on the
ground;
the chief is at the head; he puts one arm under the neck and reach
the opposite shoulder, the other arm under the back;
the first team member is besides the pelvis; he has one arm under the
back, one arm under the back, the other one under the thighs;
the third team member supports the legs.
At the order of the chief, the casualty is lifted and put on the
lifted knees of the first responders. Then, the casualty is flattened
against the chests, and the first responders stand up. They move
towards the stretcher; there, they put one knee on the ground (the
closest to the casualty's feet), lay the casualty on his/her back,
and move the casualty from their knees to the stretcher. For this
last movement, additional first responders can be placed at the
opposite side of the stretcher to help the landing.
The spoon lifting can also be used for emergency movements of a
casualty when a spine trauma is suspected, e.g. the casualty is
unconscious and is threatened by a fast rise of water level (flood).
[edit]
Seated person
Sometimes, it is necessary to lift a seated or half seated person:
the seating position is adapted for a conscious person with a chest
trauma or of respiratory difficulties.
For this, two team members are placed on each side of the casualty;
they place one hand under the buttock, the other under the opposite
armpit; the casualty places his/her arms around the neck of the team
members. A third team member lifts the legs as usual, and a fourth
pushes the stretcher.
When a heart problem is suspected, the casualty should not lift
his/hers arms. In this case, a short strap (4 m, 13 ft) can be used:
one extremity is slided under the buttock, the other goes under each
armpit (and thus crosses the back of the casualty); the extremities
are tied to form a ring. The team members use this ring as handles;
mind that the head of the casualty is not held.
Lifting a seated casualty with a long strapA long strap (6 m, 20 ft)
allows the lifting with only three team members:
a short extremity is slided under the buttocks;
a team members is placed over the legs of the casualty, facing
him/her; the long extremity goes under the team member's armpit and
over his/hers opposite shoulder;
this extremity then goes under the armpits of the casualty, and again
under the team member's shoulder.
Both extremities are tied or held together by the team member; it
makes a cross in the back of the first responder. The team member can
then support the hole weight of the top of the casualty's body while
keeping a vertical back.
There is another for the path of the strap:
the long extremity goes on the team member's shoulder and under
his/hers opposite armpit; then this extremity then goes under the
armpits of the casualty, and again on the team member's shoulder.
With this possibility, all the weight is on one shoulder; it can be
interesting when the first responder has a loose foothold on one
side, or has a problem with one shoulder but cannot be replaced by
another team member.
When the casualty is seating on a chair and the seated position (with
legs down) is possible (i.e. no problem of blood circulation), and if
the chair has fixed legs and is not foldable, then the chair itself
can be used for the transport. Otherwise, the chair can be replaced
by a wheelchair or a stretcher:
two team members take place besides the casualty as usual;
when they lift, a third team member re-removes the chair;
he then puts the wheelchair, or deals with the causality's legs as a
fourth team member pushes the stretcher.
In some cases, the casualty is found seated but a spine trauma is
suspected (e.g. the casualty seat upright after an accident, or fell
in this position). In this case, the casualty must be transported
lying; a long spine board is put against his/hers back to support it
while he/she is laid down. When the casualty is on a chair, then the
board is slided between the back of the casualty and the back of the
chair, and the chair is laid down; the use of an extrication splint
(KED) is particularly interesting in this context.
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