Source : Chapter 9 of "History of Truth - The Truth about God and Religions" Book.
The Islamic calendar is based upon the moon, which revolves around the earth in periods of about 29 days. This Islamic calendar was established by the second Caliph Omar in 639 AD to begin with the new moon of the first Arabic month (Muharram) of the year in which the migration of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) from Mecca to Madinah took place. That first day was 16 June 622 of the Julian calendar.
Nearly fourteen centuries ago, the Quran was revealed to the Arabs in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, who were used to the lunar system. It was correct to address them in the only language they could understand and not to upset their habits. It is known how well versed men living in the desert are in the
observation of the sky; they navigated according to the stars, and told time according to the motion of the sun and the moon. This was the simplest and the most reliable system available for them.
Most people are unaware of the perfect correlation between the Julian and the lunar calendar: 235 lunar months corresponds exactly to 19 Julian years of 365 1/4 days, (228 months). The length of our year of 365 days is not perfect because it has to be rectified every four years (with a leap year). With the lunar calendar, the same phenomena occur every 19 Julian years.
The Quran refers to this relationship between the lunar and the Julian systems as follows:
Surah 18, Ayah 25 "So they stayed in their cave three hundred years, and nine (more)"
The literal translation of the above Ayah replaces "and nine" by "increased by nine." This suggests that one has to be careful about each word or letter in the Quran.
The latest calculation of the lunar month is 29.53059 days. Therefore, the lunar year is 12 x 29.53059 = 354.36708 days. This means that 300 Julian year (300x365.25= 109575 days) is equivalent to 309 lunar years (354.36708x309= 109499.43). This is a miraculous accuracy. Therefore the above Ayah can be explained as "So they stayed in their cave three hundred solar years, and increased by nine lunar years".
This is just an amazing revelation from the Creator of time. Only Allah knows the exact time of any event in any reference of time.
Surah 18, Ayah 26 "Say: Allah knows best how long they stayed"
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{Invite (mankind, O Muhammad ) to the Way of your Lord (i.e. Islam) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Inspiration and the Qur'an) and fair preaching, and argue with them in a way that is better. Truly, your Lord knows best who has gone astray from His Path, and He is the Best Aware of those who are guided.}
(Holy Quran-16:125)
{And who is better in speech than he who [says: "My Lord is Allah (believes in His Oneness)," and then stands straight (acts upon His Order), and] invites (men) to Allah's (Islamic Monotheism), and does righteous deeds, and says: "I am one of the Muslims."} (Holy Quran-41:33)
The prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "By Allah, if Allah guides one person by you, it is better for you than the best types of camels." [al-Bukhaaree, Muslim]
The prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said, "Whoever calls to guidance will have a reward similar to the reward of the one who follows him, without the reward of either of them being lessened at all."
[Muslim, Ahmad, Aboo Daawood, an-Nasaa'ee, at-Tirmidhee, Ibn Maajah]
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