raulcd opened a new issue, #49138:
URL: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/49138

   ### Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, 
version, and platform.
   
   We use a nightlies version of Cython for free-threaded PyArrow:
   > 
https://pypi.anaconda.org/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/simple/cython/3.3.0a0/cython-3.3.0a0-py3-none-any.whl
   
   
   This is currently failing with:
   ```
    [13/115] Compiling Cython CXX source for lib...
   FAILED: CMakeFiles/lib_pyx 
/arrow/python/build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-313t/CMakeFiles/lib_pyx 
   cd /arrow/python/build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-313t && 
/opt/python/cp313-cp313t/bin/python -m cython --cplus --warning-errors 
--no-c-in-traceback -Xfreethreading_compatible=True --directive 
embedsignature=True --working /arrow/python --output-file 
/arrow/python/build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-313t/lib.cpp 
/arrow/python/pyarrow/lib.pyx
   
   Error compiling Cython file:
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   ...
       options.field_merge_options = _parse_field_merge_options(
           "default" if promote_options == "none" else promote_options
       )
   
       with nogil:
           options.unify_schemas = promote_options != "none"
                                                   ^
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   pyarrow/table.pxi:6320:48: Coercion from Python not allowed without the GIL
   
   Error compiling Cython file:
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   ...
       options.field_merge_options = _parse_field_merge_options(
           "default" if promote_options == "none" else promote_options
       )
   
       with nogil:
           options.unify_schemas = promote_options != "none"
                                                   ^
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   pyarrow/table.pxi:6320:48: Operation not allowed without gil
   ```
   
   Taking a look at latest Cython commits the following could be related:
   
https://github.com/cython/cython/commit/46e961eeed1c4c3206dce21377edccfbb57577eb
   
   I am unsure what the problem is and whether is a regression on Cython or we 
should fix the comparison to require the GIL.
   
   This is happening both on main and the 23.0.1 maintenance branch so it has 
to be fixed for the release.
   
   ### Component(s)
   
   Packaging, Python


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