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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-9827?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=17316253#comment-17316253
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Adrien Grand commented on LUCENE-9827:
--------------------------------------

[~rmuir] Do you mind if I backport this change to 8.x?

> Small segments are slower to merge due to stored fields since 8.7
> -----------------------------------------------------------------
>
>                 Key: LUCENE-9827
>                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-9827
>             Project: Lucene - Core
>          Issue Type: Bug
>            Reporter: Adrien Grand
>            Priority: Minor
>             Fix For: main (9.0)
>
>         Attachments: Indexer.java, log-and-lucene-9827.patch, 
> merge-count-by-num-docs.png, merge-type-by-version.png, 
> total-merge-time-by-num-docs-on-small-segments.png, 
> total-merge-time-by-num-docs.png
>
>          Time Spent: 0.5h
>  Remaining Estimate: 0h
>
> [~dm] and [~dimitrisli] looked into an interesting case where indexing slowed 
> down after upgrading to 8.7. After digging we identified that this was due to 
> the merging of stored fields, which had become slower on average.
> This is due to changes to stored fields, which now have top-level blocks that 
> are then split into sub-blocks and compressed using shared dictionaries (one 
> dictionary per top-level block). As the top-level blocks are larger than they 
> were before, segments are more likely to be considered "dirty" by the merging 
> logic. Dirty segments are segments were 1% of the data or more consists of 
> incomplete blocks. For large segments, the size of blocks doesn't really 
> affect the dirtiness of segments: if you flush a segment that has 100 blocks 
> or more, it will never be considered dirty as only the last block may be 
> incomplete. But for small segments it does: for instance if your segment is 
> only 10 blocks, it is very likely considered dirty given that the last block 
> is always incomplete. And the fact that we increased the top-level block size 
> means that segments that used to be considered clean might now be considered 
> dirty.
> And indeed benchmarks reported that while large stored fields merges became 
> slightly faster after upgrading to 8.7, the smaller merges actually became 
> slower. See attached chart, which gives the total merge time as a function of 
> the number of documents in the segment.
> I don't know how we can address this, this is a natural consequence of the 
> larger block size, which is needed to achieve better compression ratios. But 
> I wanted to open an issue about it in case someone has a bright idea how we 
> could make things better.



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