dgrove-oss edited a comment on issue #443: A tutorial for deploying openwhisk on kube without using helm URL: https://github.com/apache/incubator-openwhisk-deploy-kube/issues/443#issuecomment-474506812 You'll need some level of privilege to deploy OpenWhisk on Kubernetes because the OpenWhisk invokers need to be able to create additional containers to execute the user's functions. When using the DockerContainerFactory, this is done by mounting several Docker-related volumes of the worker node via hostPath mounts into the invoker container (see https://github.com/apache/incubator-openwhisk-deploy-kube/blob/master/helm/openwhisk/templates/_invoker-helpers.tpl#L5-#L21) When using the KubernetesContainerFactory, this is done by giving the Invoker Pod increased privileges so it can create pods itself (see https://github.com/apache/incubator-openwhisk-deploy-kube/blob/master/helm/openwhisk/templates/invoker-role.yaml).
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