It specifies the parent component. Here's a typical entry for one of the method signatures as copied from the Java API:

 showInputDialog

public static String showInputDialog(Component parentComponent,
                                     Object message,
                                     String title,
                                     int messageType)
                              throws HeadlessException
Shows a dialog requesting input from the user parented to parentComponent with the dialog having the title title and message type messageType.

Parameters:
parentComponent - the parent Component for the dialog
message - the Object to display
title - the String to display in the dialog title bar
messageType - the type of message that is to be displayed: ERROR_MESSAGE, INFORMATION_MESSAGE, WARNING_MESSAGE, QUESTION_MESSAGE, or PLAIN_MESSAGE

By specifying null it just displays the dialog in the middle of the screen (well, that's where it's supposed to go). If you specify a component (such as a JFrame instance) then the dialog will be displayed over the centre of the component.

There are a few different method signatures though, including some that don't specify the parent component, for example:

JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Message");
JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Message", "Value");

On 03/02/2010, at 7:11 AM, Mahmoud Abou-Eita wrote:

What's the purpose of the first 'null' argument in JOption's showInputDialog method?
Thanks.

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