The equation of interest of beneficiaries and loss of the victims if wants to understand as to how it is hidden in development hypothesis, one can do it with example Jharkhand state in India. The exploitation of Jharkhand can be trace back to the past 250 years. The Jharkhand movement for autonomy waged struggle against it. As an outcome of above two factors the Jharkhand state was born in 2001. However the direction of development it has taken has become a matter of concern and anxiety to every class in the state. Every class has began to reflect and analyze with styles of their own depending upon their class interests.
Going against aspirations and dreams of Jharkhand movement state government development policies are resisted with increasing intensity through out Jharkhand. The government of Jharkhand instead of understanding point of view of citizens who are resisting has opted to brand the entire mass opposition as 'anti-development'. From the time of its establishment till date Jharkhand state has entered in commercial pacts through signing of MoU with nearly 50 companies from different part of the world. Most of these MoUs? <http://www.openspaceforum.net/twiki/tiki-editpage.php?page=MoUs> are related to business investments in mining and allied extractive industries. This is indeed ironic considering that overwhelming focus of Jharkhand movement is defense of people and ecology. There is pressing need for analysis as to why this has happen and whose interest, specially when one class of Jharkhand is standing in defence of state development policies gear towards massive policies of capital intensive development . The added tragedy befalling Jharkhand today is that so-called Jharkhandi intellectuals have also betrayed the mass movement and trumpeting the positions of Jharkhand state development model. One among those so-called Jharkhandi intellectuals even went on to state that if you want development of Jharkhand, then ignoring question of displacement is a must . This means the resistance movement has focused on building opposition to the existing development model but completely ignored any serious engagement with the issue of evolving alternate development model. The lacuna is even more grave considering that relations of production are neither feudal nor capitalist nature. Transplanting development models from some where else in to Jharkhand will simply not work. It is important that we try and understand transformations that has come about in social structure of Jharkhand. The social structure of Jharkhand has evolved because of pressure from outside. According to Vernier Elvin, tribes and other indigenous peoples faced numerous atrocities and oppression during British colonial period as traders and liquor contractors had reached there early. when they had not lost their vast agricultural land and got in to chronic poverty where they are today . This the reason why prime minister Nehru had commented that India not only has to be force of the security but also symbol of liberation . How seriously Nehru's comments were taken by Indian ruling classes and policy makers is amply evident from Jharkhand scenario today. If his comments were taken seriously, then the problems faced by large number of people displaced because of mega projects such as HEC, Bokaro steel city, Tata and others would have not existed. In ability to get land for the projects, development policies and their unreliability is a living testimony to this. This is not simply an administrative problem, but rather an open revolt against present development hypothesis. *Challenges of Development* It is not only in Jharkhand, but in the rest of the world too that this development hypothesis faces vehement challenges. This challenge is not just due to displacement threats but due to creation of large scale inequality, environmental and climatic imbalances that has posed danger to entire universe. This is being discussed both at national and international level. But the entire discourse is imprisoned within the parameters of present development hypothesis. With this approach instead of finding solutions risks further aggravating existing problems. Today there is need to formulate a type of development alternative that will move its hypothesis away from capital centric to common people centric. Beneficiaries of which will be common people instead of capitalist. This hope is founded on Marxism and development hypothesis flowing out from it. But Marxism has to move away from its rigidities and induct situations and requirement of the time to present new development alternative. Otherwise the opposition to the existing capital centric development hypothesis would only means like going around a tree and loosing track of forest. *What is to be done?* 1. begin struggle for historic justices 2. review of existing development hypothesis from political economy perspectives 3. establishment of common people centric development hypothesis 4. efforts towards democratic participation in conceptualizing and implementing development policies 5. formulation of development policy in harmony with nature and environment *References *1. fundamental of political economy : P. E. Nikiteen 2. AITUC education series-1 3. Ajadi ke bad Bharat6 : Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharjee, Aditya mukharjee 4. Bhumandalikaran : kamalnayan kabara 5. Pahal-75 Umesh Nazir NOTE : This is an extract from paper 'Development & Displacement' is and presented in seminar on the displacement and development, organized by AITUC, Jharkhand. 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