kamalcph opened a new pull request, #15634:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/15634

   Bound high-watermark offset between local-log-start-offset and 
log-end-offset:
   
   The high watermark should not go below the local-log-start offset. If the 
high watermark is less than the local-log-start-offset, then the 
UnifiedLog#fetchHighWatermarkMetadata method will throw  OFFSET_OUT_OF_RANGE 
error when it converts the offset to metadata. Once this error happens, the 
followers will receive out-of-range exceptions and the producers won't be able 
to produce messages since the leader cannot move the high watermark.
   
   This issue can happen when the partition undergoes recovery due to 
corruption in the checkpoint file and it gets elected as leader before it gets 
a chance to update the HW from the previous leader.
   
   The follower sends the FETCH request to the leader, the leader checks 
whether the isFollowerInSync, then expands the ISR. Also, parks the request in 
DelayedFetchPurgatory. If the replica was elected as leader before the 
fetch-response gets processed, then the new-leader will have wrong 
high-watermark.
   
   ### Committer Checklist (excluded from commit message)
   - [ ] Verify design and implementation 
   - [ ] Verify test coverage and CI build status
   - [ ] Verify documentation (including upgrade notes)
   


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