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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KAFKA-19888?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel
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David Jacot updated KAFKA-19888:
--------------------------------
Affects Version/s: 4.0.0
> Coordinator histogram negative values causing persistent write timeouts and
> consumer instability in Kafka 4.1.0
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Key: KAFKA-19888
> URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KAFKA-19888
> Project: Kafka
> Issue Type: Bug
> Components: group-coordinator
> Affects Versions: 4.0.0, 4.1.0
> Environment: Kafka cluster (KRaft) with 9 brokers
> RHEL-based OS (AlmaLinux 9.6)
> Running on VMware vSphere
> NTP service active on VMs
> VMware Tools had "Synchronize time periodically" enabled
> Reporter: Eliel Gomes
> Assignee: Sean Quah
> Priority: Blocker
> Fix For: 4.2.0, 4.0.2, 4.1.2
>
>
> h2. Summary
> In Kafka 4.1.0, a broker entered a corrupted state where the Coordinator
> began producing {*}negative histogram values{*}, causing persistent write
> timeouts to {{{}__consumer_offsets{}}}, continuous group coordinator
> instability, and repeated consumer disconnections.
> The issue did *not* self-heal after time synchronization stabilized and only
> cleared after restarting the affected broker.
> This suggests that the Coordinator histogram/timer subsystem becomes invalid
> after certain time irregularities and does not recover automatically.
>
> ----
> h2. *Description*
> We observed repeated Coordinator failures on a single broker in a production
> Kafka 4.1.0 cluster. The internal histogram used by the Coordinator runtime
> began to record {*}negative values{*}, which should be impossible under
> correct operation.
> Once this occurs:
> * Coordinator write events begin to timeout repeatedly
> * Consumers are disconnected and reconnected frequently
> * Group coordination is unstable
> * Commits failing on __consumer_offsets
> * Lag increasing ("fake" lag), because of failures in commits
> * The broker remains in a broken state even after the system clock stabilizes
> * Only restarting the broker clears the condition
> * After the restart, consumer groups immediately select the same broker
> again as coordinator, and the problem eventually reappears
> This behavior suggests state corruption inside the Coordinator's
> timer/histogram logic, where the {{GroupCoordinator}} component is
> susceptible to a fatal {{ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException}} when attempting to
> record a negative value in an internal histogram.
> This bug appears to be triggered by a non-monotonic clock adjustment (i.e.,
> the system clock moving backward).
> When this exception occurs, the {{group-coordinator-event-processor}} thread
> fails, specifically when processing internal events like
> {{{*}HighWatermarkUpdate{*}.}}
> The failures cause of offset *commit failures* from {*}consumers{*}.
>
> ----
> h2. *Actual Behavior*
> * Coordinator internal histograms observe *negative values*
> * The Coordinator *fails to write to {{__consumer_offsets}}*
> * Consumers experience recurring instability
> * Kafka does not self-recover even when system time becomes stable
> * Only a broker restart resolves the condition
>
> ----
> h2. *Expected behavior*
> Kafka should:
> * Reject or guard against negative deltas in histogram/timer calculations
> * Prevent a corrupted Coordinator state from persisting
> * Avoid selecting a malfunctioning broker as group coordinator
>
> ----
> h2. *Impact*
> * Critical production consumer instability
> * Continuous rebalances
> * Offset commit delays
> *
> ** "Fake Lags"
> * Persistent coordinator malfunction
> * Requires broker restarts to recover
> * High operational risk
> ----
> h2. *LOGS*
> *Server-Side:* The {{GroupCoordinator}} broker log is flooded with the
> following exception, indicating the event processor thread is failing:
>
> *Kafka Log - 2025-11-12 at 14:56*
> {code:java}
> [2025-11-12 14:56:38,166] ERROR [group-coordinator-event-processor-0]: Failed
> to run event InternalEvent(name=HighWatermarkUpdate) due to: Histogram
> recorded value cannot be negative..
> (org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread)
> java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.
> [2025-11-12 14:56:38,167] ERROR [GroupCoordinator id=5] Execution of
> HighWatermarkUpdate failed due to Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.. (org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.CoordinatorRuntime)
> java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.
> ...
> [2025-11-12 14:58:38,170] ERROR [group-coordinator-event-processor-2]: Failed
> to run event InternalEvent(name=FlushBatch) due to: Histogram recorded value
> cannot be negative..
> (org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread)
> java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.
> [2025-11-12 14:58:38,170] ERROR [GroupCoordinator id=5] Execution of
> FlushBatch failed due to Histogram recorded value cannot be negative..
> (org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.CoordinatorRuntime)
> java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.{code}
>
> *Kafka Log - 2025-11-13 09:15*
> {code:java}
> [2025-11-13 09:15:39,777] ERROR [group-coordinator-event-processor-0]: Failed
> to run event InternalEvent(name=HighWatermarkUpdate) due to: Histogram
> recorded value cannot be negative..
> (org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread)
> java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.
> at
> org.HdrHistogram.AbstractHistogram.countsArrayIndex(AbstractHistogram.java:2399)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at
> org.HdrHistogram.AbstractHistogram.recordSingleValue(AbstractHistogram.java:559)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at
> org.HdrHistogram.AbstractHistogram.recordValue(AbstractHistogram.java:467)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at org.HdrHistogram.Recorder.recordValue(Recorder.java:136)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.HdrHistogram.record(HdrHistogram.java:100)
> ~[kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.KafkaMetricHistogram.record(KafkaMetricHistogram.java:128)
> ~[kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.common.metrics.Sensor.recordInternal(Sensor.java:236)
> ~[kafka-clients-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at org.apache.kafka.common.metrics.Sensor.record(Sensor.java:197)
> ~[kafka-clients-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.CoordinatorRuntimeMetricsImpl.recordEventQueueTime(CoordinatorRuntimeMetricsImpl.java:284)
> ~[kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread.handleEvents(MultiThreadedEventProcessor.java:146)
> [kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread.run(MultiThreadedEventProcessor.java:179)
> [kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> [2025-11-13 09:15:39,777] ERROR [GroupCoordinator id=5] Execution of
> HighWatermarkUpdate failed due to Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.. (org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.CoordinatorRuntime)
> java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Histogram recorded value cannot be
> negative.
> at
> org.HdrHistogram.AbstractHistogram.countsArrayIndex(AbstractHistogram.java:2399)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at
> org.HdrHistogram.AbstractHistogram.recordSingleValue(AbstractHistogram.java:559)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at
> org.HdrHistogram.AbstractHistogram.recordValue(AbstractHistogram.java:467)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at org.HdrHistogram.Recorder.recordValue(Recorder.java:136)
> ~[HdrHistogram-2.2.2.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.HdrHistogram.record(HdrHistogram.java:100)
> ~[kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.KafkaMetricHistogram.record(KafkaMetricHistogram.java:128)
> ~[kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.common.metrics.Sensor.recordInternal(Sensor.java:236)
> ~[kafka-clients-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at org.apache.kafka.common.metrics.Sensor.record(Sensor.java:197)
> ~[kafka-clients-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.CoordinatorRuntimeMetricsImpl.recordEventQueueTime(CoordinatorRuntimeMetricsImpl.java:284)
> ~[kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread.handleEvents(MultiThreadedEventProcessor.java:146)
> [kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?]
> at
> org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime.MultiThreadedEventProcessor$EventProcessorThread.run(MultiThreadedEventProcessor.java:179)
> [kafka-coordinator-common-4.1.0.jar:?] {code}
>
> *Client-Side:* Consumers associated with this (failed) {{GroupCoordinator}}
> begin to fail their offset commits. The client logs show a continuous loop
> where the consumer:
> * Tries to commit and fails with {{This is not the correct coordinator.}}
> * Receives an error response {{{}NOT_COORDINATOR{}}}.
> * Disconnects and attempts rediscovery.
> * Discovers the _exact same_ (broken) broker as the coordinator and repeats
> the cycle.
>
> *Consumer Log - 2025-11-12 at 14:58*
> {code:java}
> 2025-11-13 14:58:46.730 WARN [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Offset commit failed on partition
> SEND_SMS_LOW_PRIORITY-31 at offset 2291423: The coordinator is not available.
> 2025-11-13 14:58:46.730 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Group coordinator X.X.X.X:9092 (id:
> 2147483642 rack: null) is unavailable or invalid due to cause: error response
> COORDINATOR_NOT_AVAILABLE. isDisconnected: false. Rediscovery will be
> attempted.
> 2025-11-12 14:58:46.388 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] - [Consumer
> clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Requesting disconnect from last known
> coordinator 10.0.01:9092 (id: 2147483642 rack: null) 2025-11-12 14:58:46.395
> INFO [o.apache.kafka.clients.NetworkClient] [] - [Consumer
> clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Client requested disconnect from node
> 2147483642 2025-11-12 14:58:46.396 INFO
> [o.apache.kafka.clients.NetworkClient] [] - [Consumer
> clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Cancelled in-flight OFFSET_COMMIT
> request with correlation id 3436277 due to node 2147483642 being disconnected
> (elapsed time since creation: 12ms, elapsed time since send: 12ms, throttle
> time: 0ms, request timeout: 30000ms) 2025-11-12 14:58:46.677 INFO
> [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] - [Consumer
> clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Discovered group coordinator
> X.X.X.X:9092 (id: 2147483642 rack: null) {code}
>
> *Consumer Log - 2025-11-13 at 09:15*
> {code:java}
> 2025-11-13 09:15:46.730 WARN [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Offset commit failed on partition
> SEND_SMS_LOW_PRIORITY-31 at offset 2291423: The coordinator is not available.
> 2025-11-13 09:15:46.730 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Group coordinator X.X.X.X:9092 (id:
> 2147483642 rack: null) is unavailable or invalid due to cause: error response
> COORDINATOR_NOT_AVAILABLE. isDisconnected: false. Rediscovery will be
> attempted.
> 2025-11-13 09:15:46.730 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Requesting disconnect from last known
> coordinator X.X.X.X:9092 (id: 2147483642 rack: null)
> 2025-11-13 09:15:46.732 INFO [o.apache.kafka.clients.NetworkClient] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Client requested disconnect from node
> 2147483642
> 2025-11-13 09:15:46.949 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Discovered group coordinator
> X.X.X.X:9092 (id: 2147483642 rack: null)
> 2025-11-13 09:15:51.958 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Group coordinator X.X.X.X:9092 (id:
> 2147483642 rack: null) is unavailable or invalid due to cause: error response
> COORDINATOR_NOT_AVAILABLE. isDisconnected: false. Rediscovery will be
> attempted.
> 2025-11-13 09:15:51.958 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Requesting disconnect from last known
> coordinator X.X.X.X:9092 (id: 2147483642 rack: null)
> 2025-11-13 09:15:51.958 INFO [o.apache.kafka.clients.NetworkClient] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Client requested disconnect from node
> 2147483642
> 2025-11-13 09:15:51.958 INFO [o.apache.kafka.clients.NetworkClient] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Cancelled in-flight OFFSET_COMMIT
> request with correlation id 3557487 due to node 2147483642 being disconnected
> (elapsed time since creation: 4908ms, elapsed time since send: 4908ms,
> throttle time: 0ms, request timeout: 30000ms)
> 2025-11-13 09:15:52.086 INFO [SendAggregateTemplateRoute] [] - Grouped 2
> messages.
> 2025-11-13 09:15:52.132 INFO [o.a.k.c.c.i.ConsumerCoordinator] [] -
> [Consumer clientId=CLIENT_ID_CONSUMER_LOW_PRIORITY,
> groupId=CONSUMER_GROUP_LOW_PRIORITY] Discovered group coordinator
> X.X.X.X:9092 (id: 2147483642 rack: null) {code}
>
> ----
>
> *Workaround (Temporary Fix):*
> # Restarting the affected broker to force a new {{GroupCoordinator}}
> election for the affected consumer groups.
> #
> ## After the broker restarts, consumers will once again discover it as Group
> Coordinator.
>
> ----
> h2. *NTP*
> Brokers of Kafka Cluster and Clients Consumers are with NTP service active
> {code:java}
> timedatectl
> Local time: Fri 2025-11-14 11:07:49 -03
> Universal time: Fri 2025-11-14 14:07:49 UTC
> RTC time: Fri 2025-11-14 14:07:49
> Time zone: America/Sao_Paulo (-03, -0300)
> System clock synchronized: yes
> NTP service: active
> RTC in local TZ: no {code}
>
> ----
> h2. *Request for Analysis / Questions*
> # Does Kafka 4.1.0 require strictly monotonic time for Coordinator
> histogram/timer logic?
> # Is histogram corruption (negative values) a known issue in 4.1.X?
> # Should Kafka validate histogram deltas to prevent negative values?
> # Is this fixed in newer Kafka releases?
> # Should CoordinatorRuntime reset its internal state when encountering time
> irregularities?
> # Is there a recommended workaround to avoid Coordinator entering this
> permanent error state?
>
>
>
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