junrao commented on code in PR #22654:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/22654#discussion_r3606283544


##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/RecordAccumulator.java:
##########
@@ -1251,23 +1270,83 @@ public PartitionerConfig() {
     }
 
     /*
-     * Metadata about a record just appended to the record accumulator
+     * Result of an attempt to append a record to the accumulator. Carries 
exactly one of three
+     * mutually-exclusive outcomes: the record was appended ({@link 
RecordAppendResult#appended()}, {@code future} is set),
+     * the open batch needs more chunk capacity first ({@link 
RecordAppendResult#needsBufferExtension()}),
+     * or a new batch must be created for the record ({@link 
RecordAppendResult#needsNewBatch()}).
      */
     public static final class RecordAppendResult {
+        /**
+         * The three mutually-exclusive outcomes of an append attempt.
+         */
+        public enum Outcome { APPENDED, NEEDS_BUFFER_EXTENSION, 
NEEDS_NEW_BATCH }
+
+        public final Outcome outcome;

Review Comment:
   Should this be private?



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/RecordAccumulator.java:
##########
@@ -375,46 +379,60 @@ public RecordAppendResult append(String topic,
      * @param value The value for the record
      * @param headers the Headers for the record
      * @param callbacks The callbacks to execute
-     * @param buffer The buffer for the new batch
+     * @param recordsBuilderSupplier Supplies the {@link MemoryRecordsBuilder} 
for the new
+     *        batch. Invoked lazily, only when a new batch is actually 
created. The chunked
+     *        subclass passes a supplier that produces a builder backed by a
+     *        {@link ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream}.
      * @param nowMs The current time, in milliseconds
+     * @return the append result, which never has {@code needsNewBatch=true}: 
the method either
+     *         propagates a non-{@code needsNewBatch} result from an open 
batch created concurrently
+     *         (a success, or — incremental strategy — a {@code 
needsBufferExtension} signal), or it

Review Comment:
   This comment is not very clear to me. `a success` should return `appended`, 
not `needsBufferExtension`, right?



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.internals.ByteBufferOutputStream;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ByteBufferOutputStream} backed by a linked list of fixed-size 
chunks instead of a single
+ * re-allocated buffer. Chunks are supplied by the caller (initial chunks via 
the constructor,
+ * additional chunks via {@link #addBuffers(List)}).
+ * <p>
+ * Current/temporary behavior:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>The stream does not grow on its own: a write whose size exceeds the 
remaining free bytes
+ *     across all attached chunks throws {@link IllegalStateException}, so the 
caller must attach
+ *     enough chunks before any such write.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20579 (automatic mid-write growth for compression 
support).</li>
+ * <li>{@link #buffer()} returns the written bytes as a single contiguous 
{@link ByteBuffer},
+ *     flattening all chunks into a new buffer with an extra copy.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20580 (remove the extra copy on send, scatter-gather 
send).</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream extends ByteBufferOutputStream {
+
+    private final List<ByteBuffer> chunks;
+    private final int chunkSize;
+    private final BufferPool pool;
+    private ByteBuffer currentChunk;
+    private int currentChunkIndex;
+    // Set once the content has been read for send via buffer().
+    private boolean finalized;
+    // Single-buffer view produced by flatten() and cached here so repeat 
buffer() calls
+    // return the same instance. To be removed once scatter-gather 
(KAFKA-20580) is implemented.
+    private ByteBuffer flattenedBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a chunked output stream backed by the given pre-allocated 
chunks. Ownership of
+     * {@code initialChunks} transfers to this stream (they will be returned 
to the pool via
+     * {@link #deallocate()}).
+     *
+     * @param initialChunks pre-allocated chunks. Must be non-empty and each 
chunk's capacity must
+     *                      equal {@code chunkSize}
+     * @param chunkSize     the size of each chunk in bytes
+     * @param pool          the buffer pool used for deallocation
+     */
+    public ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream(List<ByteBuffer> initialChunks, int 
chunkSize, BufferPool pool) {
+        super(validatedFirstChunk(initialChunks, chunkSize));
+        this.chunkSize = chunkSize;
+        this.pool = pool;
+        this.chunks = new ArrayList<>(initialChunks);
+        this.currentChunk = this.chunks.get(0);
+        this.currentChunkIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the chunk contract: {@code initialChunks} non-empty, each 
chunk's capacity equal to
+     * {@code chunkSize}. Returns the first chunk.
+     */
+    private static ByteBuffer validatedFirstChunk(List<ByteBuffer> 
initialChunks, int chunkSize) {
+        if (initialChunks == null || initialChunks.isEmpty())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("initialChunks must be 
non-empty");
+        for (ByteBuffer chunk : initialChunks) {
+            if (chunk.capacity() != chunkSize)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("each chunk must have 
capacity " + chunkSize
+                    + ", but found a chunk of capacity " + chunk.capacity());
+        }
+        return initialChunks.get(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(int b) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+        currentChunk.put((byte) b);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(len, currentChunk.remaining());
+            currentChunk.put(bytes, off, toWrite);
+            off += toWrite;
+            len -= toWrite;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(ByteBuffer sourceBuffer) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (sourceBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(sourceBuffer.remaining(), 
currentChunk.remaining());
+            int oldLimit = sourceBuffer.limit();
+            sourceBuffer.limit(sourceBuffer.position() + toWrite);
+            currentChunk.put(sourceBuffer);
+            sourceBuffer.limit(oldLimit);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against writes after the stream has been finalized with a call 
to {@link #buffer()}.
+     */
+    private void ensureWritable() {
+        if (finalized)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot write after buffer() has 
been called");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against any use after {@link #deallocate()} has returned the 
chunks.
+     */
+    private void ensureNotDeallocated() {
+        if (currentChunk == null)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("operation not allowed after the 
stream has been deallocated");
+    }
+
+    private void ensureChunkCapacity(int needed) {
+        while (currentChunk.remaining() < needed) {
+            advanceToNextChunk();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advances {@code currentChunk} to the next pre-supplied chunk.
+     */
+    private void advanceToNextChunk() {
+        if (currentChunkIndex + 1 >= chunks.size()) {
+            // TODO: KAFKA-20579. With compression support, grow here instead 
of throwing.
+            throw new IllegalStateException("write exceeded the stream's 
remaining chunk capacity");
+        }
+        currentChunkIndex++;
+        currentChunk = chunks.get(currentChunkIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends pre-allocated chunks to this stream. Ownership of {@code 
newChunks} transfers to
+     * the stream; they will be returned to the pool via {@link #deallocate()}.
+     */
+    public void addBuffers(List<ByteBuffer> newChunks) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        chunks.addAll(newChunks);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the written bytes as a single contiguous buffer. Calling this 
finalizes the stream: no
+     * further writes are allowed (see {@link #ensureWritable()}) and later 
calls return the same
+     * instance, which callers such as {@code 
MemoryRecordsBuilder#writeDefaultBatchHeader} rely on
+     * when they write the batch header directly into the returned buffer.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ByteBuffer buffer() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        finalized = true;
+        if (flattenedBuffer == null)
+            flattenedBuffer = flatten();
+        return flattenedBuffer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens the written bytes across the data-bearing chunks into a single 
new buffer (an extra
+     * copy). This will be removed once scatter-gather send (KAFKA-20580) is 
implemented.
+     */
+    private ByteBuffer flatten() {
+        // Written bytes only live in chunks up to currentChunk, later chunks 
are untouched.
+        int totalSize = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= currentChunkIndex; i++) {
+            totalSize += chunks.get(i).position();
+        }
+        ByteBuffer flattened = ByteBuffer.allocate(totalSize);
+        for (int i = 0; i <= currentChunkIndex; i++) {
+            ByteBuffer chunk = chunks.get(i);
+            int chunkPos = chunk.position();
+            chunk.flip();
+            flattened.put(chunk);
+            chunk.limit(chunk.capacity());
+            chunk.position(chunkPos);
+        }
+        return flattened;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases the fully-unused chunks, given that the stream is closed for 
appends.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        releaseUnusedChunks();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the fully-unused chunks to the pool. The data-bearing chunks are
+     * kept until batch completion ({@link #deallocate()}), as they hold the 
in-flight data.
+     */
+    private void releaseUnusedChunks() {
+        if (currentChunk == null)  // already deallocated; nothing attached
+            return;
+        List<ByteBuffer> unused = chunks.subList(currentChunkIndex + 1, 
chunks.size());
+        if (pool != null) {
+            for (ByteBuffer chunk : unused)
+                pool.deallocate(chunk);
+        }
+        // Remove the released chunks from `chunks`, so they are
+        // not deallocated again on batch completion.
+        unused.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Total bytes written across all chunks.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int position() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        // Written bytes only live in chunks up to currentChunk, later chunks 
are untouched.
+        int total = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= currentChunkIndex; i++) {
+            total += chunks.get(i).position();
+        }
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the write position, walking across pre-supplied chunks if the 
requested position
+     * exceeds the first chunk's capacity. Only valid before any write.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void position(int position) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        if (currentChunkIndex != 0 || currentChunk.position() != 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("position() can only be called 
before any writes");
+        }
+        int remaining = position;
+        int idx = 0;
+        while (remaining > 0 && idx < chunks.size()) {
+            ByteBuffer chunk = chunks.get(idx);
+            int take = Math.min(remaining, chunk.capacity());
+            chunk.position(take);
+            remaining -= take;
+            if (remaining > 0)
+                idx++;
+        }
+        if (remaining > 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("position " + position
+                + " exceeds total pre-allocated capacity");
+        }
+        currentChunkIndex = idx;
+        currentChunk = chunks.get(idx);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Total capacity across all attached chunks (written + free).
+     * Every chunk has the same size, so this equals {@code position() + 
remaining()} without walking the list.
+     */
+    int attachedCapacity() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        return chunks.size() * chunkSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Total bytes available across the current chunk and every queued 
(not-yet-active) chunk.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int remaining() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        int total = currentChunk.remaining();
+        for (int i = currentChunkIndex + 1; i < chunks.size(); i++)
+            total += chunks.get(i).remaining();
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int limit() {
+        return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int initialCapacity() {
+        return chunkSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void ensureRemaining(int remainingBytesRequired) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        // A single call can guarantee at most `chunkSize` of space (the 
stream advances one chunk
+        // at a time). Callers needing more attach chunks via addBuffers 
first. write(byte[]) loops
+        // across chunks, so contiguous capacity isn't required.
+        ensureChunkCapacity(Math.min(remainingBytesRequired, chunkSize));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all pool-allocated chunks to the buffer pool. Called at batch 
completion.
+     */
+    public void deallocate(BufferPool pool) {
+        if (pool != null) {
+            for (ByteBuffer chunk : chunks) {
+                pool.deallocate(chunk);
+            }
+        }
+        chunks.clear();
+        currentChunk = null;
+        currentChunkIndex = 0;

Review Comment:
   0 is a valid index. Should we set it to -1?



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.internals.ByteBufferOutputStream;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ByteBufferOutputStream} backed by a linked list of fixed-size 
chunks instead of a single
+ * re-allocated buffer. Chunks are supplied by the caller (initial chunks via 
the constructor,
+ * additional chunks via {@link #addBuffers(List)}).
+ * <p>
+ * Current/temporary behavior:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>The stream does not grow on its own: a write whose size exceeds the 
remaining free bytes
+ *     across all attached chunks throws {@link IllegalStateException}, so the 
caller must attach
+ *     enough chunks before any such write.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20579 (automatic mid-write growth for compression 
support).</li>
+ * <li>{@link #buffer()} returns the written bytes as a single contiguous 
{@link ByteBuffer},
+ *     flattening all chunks into a new buffer with an extra copy.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20580 (remove the extra copy on send, scatter-gather 
send).</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream extends ByteBufferOutputStream {
+
+    private final List<ByteBuffer> chunks;
+    private final int chunkSize;
+    private final BufferPool pool;
+    private ByteBuffer currentChunk;
+    private int currentChunkIndex;
+    // Set once the content has been read for send via buffer().
+    private boolean finalized;
+    // Single-buffer view produced by flatten() and cached here so repeat 
buffer() calls
+    // return the same instance. To be removed once scatter-gather 
(KAFKA-20580) is implemented.
+    private ByteBuffer flattenedBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a chunked output stream backed by the given pre-allocated 
chunks. Ownership of
+     * {@code initialChunks} transfers to this stream (they will be returned 
to the pool via
+     * {@link #deallocate()}).
+     *
+     * @param initialChunks pre-allocated chunks. Must be non-empty and each 
chunk's capacity must
+     *                      equal {@code chunkSize}
+     * @param chunkSize     the size of each chunk in bytes
+     * @param pool          the buffer pool used for deallocation
+     */
+    public ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream(List<ByteBuffer> initialChunks, int 
chunkSize, BufferPool pool) {
+        super(validatedFirstChunk(initialChunks, chunkSize));
+        this.chunkSize = chunkSize;
+        this.pool = pool;
+        this.chunks = new ArrayList<>(initialChunks);
+        this.currentChunk = this.chunks.get(0);
+        this.currentChunkIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the chunk contract: {@code initialChunks} non-empty, each 
chunk's capacity equal to
+     * {@code chunkSize}. Returns the first chunk.
+     */
+    private static ByteBuffer validatedFirstChunk(List<ByteBuffer> 
initialChunks, int chunkSize) {
+        if (initialChunks == null || initialChunks.isEmpty())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("initialChunks must be 
non-empty");
+        for (ByteBuffer chunk : initialChunks) {
+            if (chunk.capacity() != chunkSize)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("each chunk must have 
capacity " + chunkSize
+                    + ", but found a chunk of capacity " + chunk.capacity());
+        }
+        return initialChunks.get(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(int b) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+        currentChunk.put((byte) b);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(len, currentChunk.remaining());
+            currentChunk.put(bytes, off, toWrite);
+            off += toWrite;
+            len -= toWrite;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(ByteBuffer sourceBuffer) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (sourceBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(sourceBuffer.remaining(), 
currentChunk.remaining());
+            int oldLimit = sourceBuffer.limit();
+            sourceBuffer.limit(sourceBuffer.position() + toWrite);
+            currentChunk.put(sourceBuffer);
+            sourceBuffer.limit(oldLimit);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against writes after the stream has been finalized with a call 
to {@link #buffer()}.
+     */
+    private void ensureWritable() {
+        if (finalized)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot write after buffer() has 
been called");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against any use after {@link #deallocate()} has returned the 
chunks.
+     */
+    private void ensureNotDeallocated() {
+        if (currentChunk == null)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("operation not allowed after the 
stream has been deallocated");
+    }
+
+    private void ensureChunkCapacity(int needed) {
+        while (currentChunk.remaining() < needed) {
+            advanceToNextChunk();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advances {@code currentChunk} to the next pre-supplied chunk.
+     */
+    private void advanceToNextChunk() {
+        if (currentChunkIndex + 1 >= chunks.size()) {
+            // TODO: KAFKA-20579. With compression support, grow here instead 
of throwing.
+            throw new IllegalStateException("write exceeded the stream's 
remaining chunk capacity");
+        }
+        currentChunkIndex++;
+        currentChunk = chunks.get(currentChunkIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends pre-allocated chunks to this stream. Ownership of {@code 
newChunks} transfers to
+     * the stream; they will be returned to the pool via {@link #deallocate()}.
+     */
+    public void addBuffers(List<ByteBuffer> newChunks) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        chunks.addAll(newChunks);

Review Comment:
   Should we call ensureWritable() here too?



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.internals.ByteBufferOutputStream;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ByteBufferOutputStream} backed by a linked list of fixed-size 
chunks instead of a single
+ * re-allocated buffer. Chunks are supplied by the caller (initial chunks via 
the constructor,
+ * additional chunks via {@link #addBuffers(List)}).
+ * <p>
+ * Current/temporary behavior:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>The stream does not grow on its own: a write whose size exceeds the 
remaining free bytes
+ *     across all attached chunks throws {@link IllegalStateException}, so the 
caller must attach
+ *     enough chunks before any such write.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20579 (automatic mid-write growth for compression 
support).</li>
+ * <li>{@link #buffer()} returns the written bytes as a single contiguous 
{@link ByteBuffer},
+ *     flattening all chunks into a new buffer with an extra copy.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20580 (remove the extra copy on send, scatter-gather 
send).</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream extends ByteBufferOutputStream {
+
+    private final List<ByteBuffer> chunks;
+    private final int chunkSize;
+    private final BufferPool pool;
+    private ByteBuffer currentChunk;
+    private int currentChunkIndex;
+    // Set once the content has been read for send via buffer().
+    private boolean finalized;
+    // Single-buffer view produced by flatten() and cached here so repeat 
buffer() calls
+    // return the same instance. To be removed once scatter-gather 
(KAFKA-20580) is implemented.
+    private ByteBuffer flattenedBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a chunked output stream backed by the given pre-allocated 
chunks. Ownership of
+     * {@code initialChunks} transfers to this stream (they will be returned 
to the pool via
+     * {@link #deallocate()}).
+     *
+     * @param initialChunks pre-allocated chunks. Must be non-empty and each 
chunk's capacity must
+     *                      equal {@code chunkSize}
+     * @param chunkSize     the size of each chunk in bytes
+     * @param pool          the buffer pool used for deallocation
+     */
+    public ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream(List<ByteBuffer> initialChunks, int 
chunkSize, BufferPool pool) {
+        super(validatedFirstChunk(initialChunks, chunkSize));
+        this.chunkSize = chunkSize;
+        this.pool = pool;
+        this.chunks = new ArrayList<>(initialChunks);
+        this.currentChunk = this.chunks.get(0);
+        this.currentChunkIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the chunk contract: {@code initialChunks} non-empty, each 
chunk's capacity equal to
+     * {@code chunkSize}. Returns the first chunk.
+     */
+    private static ByteBuffer validatedFirstChunk(List<ByteBuffer> 
initialChunks, int chunkSize) {
+        if (initialChunks == null || initialChunks.isEmpty())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("initialChunks must be 
non-empty");
+        for (ByteBuffer chunk : initialChunks) {
+            if (chunk.capacity() != chunkSize)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("each chunk must have 
capacity " + chunkSize
+                    + ", but found a chunk of capacity " + chunk.capacity());
+        }
+        return initialChunks.get(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(int b) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+        currentChunk.put((byte) b);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(len, currentChunk.remaining());
+            currentChunk.put(bytes, off, toWrite);
+            off += toWrite;
+            len -= toWrite;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(ByteBuffer sourceBuffer) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (sourceBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(sourceBuffer.remaining(), 
currentChunk.remaining());
+            int oldLimit = sourceBuffer.limit();
+            sourceBuffer.limit(sourceBuffer.position() + toWrite);
+            currentChunk.put(sourceBuffer);
+            sourceBuffer.limit(oldLimit);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against writes after the stream has been finalized with a call 
to {@link #buffer()}.
+     */
+    private void ensureWritable() {
+        if (finalized)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot write after buffer() has 
been called");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against any use after {@link #deallocate()} has returned the 
chunks.
+     */
+    private void ensureNotDeallocated() {
+        if (currentChunk == null)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("operation not allowed after the 
stream has been deallocated");
+    }
+
+    private void ensureChunkCapacity(int needed) {
+        while (currentChunk.remaining() < needed) {
+            advanceToNextChunk();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advances {@code currentChunk} to the next pre-supplied chunk.
+     */
+    private void advanceToNextChunk() {
+        if (currentChunkIndex + 1 >= chunks.size()) {
+            // TODO: KAFKA-20579. With compression support, grow here instead 
of throwing.
+            throw new IllegalStateException("write exceeded the stream's 
remaining chunk capacity");
+        }
+        currentChunkIndex++;
+        currentChunk = chunks.get(currentChunkIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends pre-allocated chunks to this stream. Ownership of {@code 
newChunks} transfers to
+     * the stream; they will be returned to the pool via {@link #deallocate()}.
+     */
+    public void addBuffers(List<ByteBuffer> newChunks) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        chunks.addAll(newChunks);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the written bytes as a single contiguous buffer. Calling this 
finalizes the stream: no
+     * further writes are allowed (see {@link #ensureWritable()}) and later 
calls return the same
+     * instance, which callers such as {@code 
MemoryRecordsBuilder#writeDefaultBatchHeader} rely on
+     * when they write the batch header directly into the returned buffer.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ByteBuffer buffer() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        finalized = true;

Review Comment:
   It's probably better to set this when close() is called. We can then rename 
it to closed.



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.internals.ByteBufferOutputStream;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ByteBufferOutputStream} backed by a linked list of fixed-size 
chunks instead of a single
+ * re-allocated buffer. Chunks are supplied by the caller (initial chunks via 
the constructor,
+ * additional chunks via {@link #addBuffers(List)}).
+ * <p>
+ * Current/temporary behavior:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>The stream does not grow on its own: a write whose size exceeds the 
remaining free bytes
+ *     across all attached chunks throws {@link IllegalStateException}, so the 
caller must attach
+ *     enough chunks before any such write.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20579 (automatic mid-write growth for compression 
support).</li>
+ * <li>{@link #buffer()} returns the written bytes as a single contiguous 
{@link ByteBuffer},
+ *     flattening all chunks into a new buffer with an extra copy.
+ *     TODO: KAFKA-20580 (remove the extra copy on send, scatter-gather 
send).</li>
+ * </ul>
+ */
+public class ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream extends ByteBufferOutputStream {
+
+    private final List<ByteBuffer> chunks;
+    private final int chunkSize;
+    private final BufferPool pool;
+    private ByteBuffer currentChunk;
+    private int currentChunkIndex;
+    // Set once the content has been read for send via buffer().
+    private boolean finalized;
+    // Single-buffer view produced by flatten() and cached here so repeat 
buffer() calls
+    // return the same instance. To be removed once scatter-gather 
(KAFKA-20580) is implemented.
+    private ByteBuffer flattenedBuffer;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a chunked output stream backed by the given pre-allocated 
chunks. Ownership of
+     * {@code initialChunks} transfers to this stream (they will be returned 
to the pool via
+     * {@link #deallocate()}).
+     *
+     * @param initialChunks pre-allocated chunks. Must be non-empty and each 
chunk's capacity must
+     *                      equal {@code chunkSize}
+     * @param chunkSize     the size of each chunk in bytes
+     * @param pool          the buffer pool used for deallocation
+     */
+    public ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream(List<ByteBuffer> initialChunks, int 
chunkSize, BufferPool pool) {
+        super(validatedFirstChunk(initialChunks, chunkSize));
+        this.chunkSize = chunkSize;
+        this.pool = pool;
+        this.chunks = new ArrayList<>(initialChunks);
+        this.currentChunk = this.chunks.get(0);
+        this.currentChunkIndex = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates the chunk contract: {@code initialChunks} non-empty, each 
chunk's capacity equal to
+     * {@code chunkSize}. Returns the first chunk.
+     */
+    private static ByteBuffer validatedFirstChunk(List<ByteBuffer> 
initialChunks, int chunkSize) {
+        if (initialChunks == null || initialChunks.isEmpty())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("initialChunks must be 
non-empty");
+        for (ByteBuffer chunk : initialChunks) {
+            if (chunk.capacity() != chunkSize)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("each chunk must have 
capacity " + chunkSize
+                    + ", but found a chunk of capacity " + chunk.capacity());
+        }
+        return initialChunks.get(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(int b) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+        currentChunk.put((byte) b);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(len, currentChunk.remaining());
+            currentChunk.put(bytes, off, toWrite);
+            off += toWrite;
+            len -= toWrite;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(ByteBuffer sourceBuffer) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        ensureWritable();
+        while (sourceBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+            ensureChunkCapacity(1);
+            int toWrite = Math.min(sourceBuffer.remaining(), 
currentChunk.remaining());
+            int oldLimit = sourceBuffer.limit();
+            sourceBuffer.limit(sourceBuffer.position() + toWrite);
+            currentChunk.put(sourceBuffer);
+            sourceBuffer.limit(oldLimit);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against writes after the stream has been finalized with a call 
to {@link #buffer()}.
+     */
+    private void ensureWritable() {
+        if (finalized)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("cannot write after buffer() has 
been called");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Guards against any use after {@link #deallocate()} has returned the 
chunks.
+     */
+    private void ensureNotDeallocated() {
+        if (currentChunk == null)
+            throw new IllegalStateException("operation not allowed after the 
stream has been deallocated");
+    }
+
+    private void ensureChunkCapacity(int needed) {
+        while (currentChunk.remaining() < needed) {
+            advanceToNextChunk();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Advances {@code currentChunk} to the next pre-supplied chunk.
+     */
+    private void advanceToNextChunk() {
+        if (currentChunkIndex + 1 >= chunks.size()) {
+            // TODO: KAFKA-20579. With compression support, grow here instead 
of throwing.
+            throw new IllegalStateException("write exceeded the stream's 
remaining chunk capacity");
+        }
+        currentChunkIndex++;
+        currentChunk = chunks.get(currentChunkIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends pre-allocated chunks to this stream. Ownership of {@code 
newChunks} transfers to
+     * the stream; they will be returned to the pool via {@link #deallocate()}.
+     */
+    public void addBuffers(List<ByteBuffer> newChunks) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        chunks.addAll(newChunks);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the written bytes as a single contiguous buffer. Calling this 
finalizes the stream: no
+     * further writes are allowed (see {@link #ensureWritable()}) and later 
calls return the same
+     * instance, which callers such as {@code 
MemoryRecordsBuilder#writeDefaultBatchHeader} rely on
+     * when they write the batch header directly into the returned buffer.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ByteBuffer buffer() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        finalized = true;
+        if (flattenedBuffer == null)
+            flattenedBuffer = flatten();
+        return flattenedBuffer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Flattens the written bytes across the data-bearing chunks into a single 
new buffer (an extra
+     * copy). This will be removed once scatter-gather send (KAFKA-20580) is 
implemented.
+     */
+    private ByteBuffer flatten() {
+        // Written bytes only live in chunks up to currentChunk, later chunks 
are untouched.
+        int totalSize = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= currentChunkIndex; i++) {
+            totalSize += chunks.get(i).position();
+        }
+        ByteBuffer flattened = ByteBuffer.allocate(totalSize);
+        for (int i = 0; i <= currentChunkIndex; i++) {
+            ByteBuffer chunk = chunks.get(i);
+            int chunkPos = chunk.position();
+            chunk.flip();
+            flattened.put(chunk);
+            chunk.limit(chunk.capacity());
+            chunk.position(chunkPos);
+        }
+        return flattened;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases the fully-unused chunks, given that the stream is closed for 
appends.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        releaseUnusedChunks();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the fully-unused chunks to the pool. The data-bearing chunks are
+     * kept until batch completion ({@link #deallocate()}), as they hold the 
in-flight data.
+     */
+    private void releaseUnusedChunks() {
+        if (currentChunk == null)  // already deallocated; nothing attached
+            return;
+        List<ByteBuffer> unused = chunks.subList(currentChunkIndex + 1, 
chunks.size());
+        if (pool != null) {
+            for (ByteBuffer chunk : unused)
+                pool.deallocate(chunk);
+        }
+        // Remove the released chunks from `chunks`, so they are
+        // not deallocated again on batch completion.
+        unused.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Total bytes written across all chunks.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int position() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        // Written bytes only live in chunks up to currentChunk, later chunks 
are untouched.
+        int total = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= currentChunkIndex; i++) {
+            total += chunks.get(i).position();
+        }
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the write position, walking across pre-supplied chunks if the 
requested position
+     * exceeds the first chunk's capacity. Only valid before any write.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void position(int position) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        if (currentChunkIndex != 0 || currentChunk.position() != 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("position() can only be called 
before any writes");
+        }
+        int remaining = position;
+        int idx = 0;
+        while (remaining > 0 && idx < chunks.size()) {
+            ByteBuffer chunk = chunks.get(idx);
+            int take = Math.min(remaining, chunk.capacity());
+            chunk.position(take);
+            remaining -= take;
+            if (remaining > 0)
+                idx++;
+        }
+        if (remaining > 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("position " + position
+                + " exceeds total pre-allocated capacity");
+        }
+        currentChunkIndex = idx;
+        currentChunk = chunks.get(idx);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Total capacity across all attached chunks (written + free).
+     * Every chunk has the same size, so this equals {@code position() + 
remaining()} without walking the list.
+     */
+    int attachedCapacity() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        return chunks.size() * chunkSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Total bytes available across the current chunk and every queued 
(not-yet-active) chunk.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int remaining() {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();
+        int total = currentChunk.remaining();
+        for (int i = currentChunkIndex + 1; i < chunks.size(); i++)
+            total += chunks.get(i).remaining();
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int limit() {
+        return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int initialCapacity() {
+        return chunkSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void ensureRemaining(int remainingBytesRequired) {
+        ensureNotDeallocated();

Review Comment:
   Should we call this in limit() and initialCapacity() too?



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/ChunkedRecordAccumulator.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.BufferExhaustedException;
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.Callback;
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.RecordMetadata;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Cluster;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.KafkaException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.compress.Compression;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.header.Header;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.metrics.Metrics;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.TimestampType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.AbstractRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.CompressionRatioEstimator;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.CompressionType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.MemoryRecordsBuilder;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.Record;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.RecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.internals.LogContext;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link RecordAccumulator} variant that backs each batch with fixed-size 
chunks drawn from a
+ * {@link ChunkedBufferPool}, attaching more chunks on demand as records are 
appended instead of
+ * reserving {@code batch.size} per batch up front. Buffered memory therefore 
scales with the data
+ * actually written rather than with {@code active_partition_count × 
batch.size}.
+ * <p>
+ * See {@link #append} and {@link #tryAppend} for how batches are created and 
grown.
+ * <p>
+ * TODO: support compressed data (with mid-record growth); the constructor 
rejects compression for now.
+ */
+public class ChunkedRecordAccumulator extends RecordAccumulator {
+
+    /**
+     * Fixed size of every chunk, independent of {@code batch.size}. The 
incremental strategy is
+     * only used when {@code batch.size >= CHUNK_SIZE} (see {@code 
KafkaProducer}); below it a batch
+     * is smaller than a single chunk, so the producer uses the full strategy 
instead.
+     */
+    public static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
+
+    private final ChunkedBufferPool chunkedFree;
+
+    public ChunkedRecordAccumulator(LogContext logContext,
+                                    int batchSize,
+                                    Compression compression,
+                                    int lingerMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                                    int deliveryTimeoutMs,
+                                    PartitionerConfig partitionerConfig,
+                                    Metrics metrics,
+                                    String metricGrpName,
+                                    Time time,
+                                    TransactionManager transactionManager,
+                                    ChunkedBufferPool bufferPool) {
+        super(logContext, batchSize, compression, lingerMs, retryBackoffMs, 
retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                deliveryTimeoutMs, partitionerConfig, metrics, metricGrpName, 
time, transactionManager, bufferPool);
+        // TODO: drop this once the incremental strategy supports compressed 
data (with the
+        //   mid-record growth fallback for compressor overshoot).
+        if (compression.type() != CompressionType.NONE)
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Compression is not yet supported with the incremental 
buffer.memory allocation strategy");
+        this.chunkedFree = bufferPool;
+    }
+
+    public ChunkedRecordAccumulator(LogContext logContext,
+                                    int batchSize,
+                                    Compression compression,
+                                    int lingerMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                                    int deliveryTimeoutMs,
+                                    Metrics metrics,
+                                    String metricGrpName,
+                                    Time time,
+                                    TransactionManager transactionManager,
+                                    ChunkedBufferPool bufferPool) {
+        this(logContext, batchSize, compression, lingerMs, retryBackoffMs, 
retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                deliveryTimeoutMs, new PartitionerConfig(), metrics, 
metricGrpName, time, transactionManager,
+                bufferPool);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RecordAppendResult append(String topic,
+                                     int partition,
+                                     long timestamp,
+                                     byte[] key,
+                                     byte[] value,
+                                     Header[] headers,
+                                     AppendCallbacks callbacks,
+                                     long maxTimeToBlock,
+                                     long nowMs,
+                                     Cluster cluster) throws 
InterruptedException {
+        TopicInfo topicInfo = topicInfoMap.computeIfAbsent(topic,
+                k -> new TopicInfo(createBuiltInPartitioner(logContext, k, 
batchSize, partitionerRackAware, rack)));
+
+        appendsInProgress.incrementAndGet();
+        ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream bufferStream = null;
+        List<ByteBuffer> extensionChunks = null;
+        if (headers == null) headers = Record.EMPTY_HEADERS;
+        try {
+            while (true) {
+                final BuiltInPartitioner.StickyPartitionInfo partitionInfo;
+                final int effectivePartition;
+                if (partition == RecordMetadata.UNKNOWN_PARTITION) {
+                    partitionInfo = 
topicInfo.builtInPartitioner.peekCurrentPartitionInfo(cluster);
+                    effectivePartition = partitionInfo.partition();
+                } else {
+                    partitionInfo = null;
+                    effectivePartition = partition;
+                }
+                setPartition(callbacks, effectivePartition);
+
+                Deque<ProducerBatch> dq = 
topicInfo.batches.computeIfAbsent(effectivePartition, k -> new ArrayDeque<>());
+                RecordAppendResult appendResult;
+                synchronized (dq) {
+                    if (partitionChanged(topic, topicInfo, partitionInfo, dq, 
nowMs, cluster))
+                        continue;
+
+                    // The tryAppend checks the open batch (dq.peekLast()) for 
chunk capacity:
+                    // a needsBufferExtension result means it is within its 
batch-size limit
+                    // but its chunks lack capacity for this record, so it 
will allocate the gap
+                    // outside the deque lock. A needsNewBatch result means 
there is no open batch
+                    // (full or absent), so it will fall through to the 
first-record (new batch) path.
+                    appendResult = tryAppend(timestamp, key, value, headers, 
callbacks, dq, nowMs);
+                    if (appendResult.appended()) {
+                        boolean enableSwitch = allBatchesFull(dq);
+                        
topicInfo.builtInPartitioner.updatePartitionInfo(partitionInfo, 
appendResult.appendedBytes, cluster, enableSwitch);
+                        return appendResult;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (appendResult.needsBufferExtension()) {
+                    // Mid-batch extension: the open batch can still take this 
record so grow it in
+                    // place. The acquire is non-blocking to fail fast when 
the pool is exhausted:
+                    // close the batch and let the record block once on the 
new-batch path.
+                    // A blocking call would lead to the same outcome, but 
would block once here
+                    // and still need a second blocking call to start a new 
batch anyways
+                    // (a first blocking call here would make all open batches 
drainable, including this one,
+                    // so most probably our batch would be gone/drained by the 
time memory is returned to the pool,
+                    // and we would need a new batch for our record anyways).
+                    try {
+                        extensionChunks = 
chunkedFree.allocateChunks(appendResult.extensionBytesNeeded, 0L);
+                    } catch (BufferExhaustedException e) {
+                        log.trace("Pool exhausted while extending batch for 
topic {} partition {}; closing existing batch",
+                                topic, effectivePartition);
+                        synchronized (dq) {
+                            ProducerBatch last = dq.peekLast();
+                            if (last != null && last.isWritable()) {
+                                last.closeForRecordAppends();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // Continue to the next iteration that should block to 
start a new batch (needsNewBatch),
+                        // given that this one has been closed for appends.
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    nowMs = time.milliseconds();
+                } else if (appendResult.needsNewBatch() && bufferStream == 
null) {
+                    // The open batch is done (e.g., full, closed) so start a 
new one.
+                    // Block on the pool for enough chunks to fit this record, 
sized with the
+                    // same cumulative estimator used mid-batch (header + 
record bytes for NONE,
+                    // ratio-adjusted when compressed) so the two stay 
consistent.
+                    int recordUncompressed = 
AbstractRecords.recordSizeUpperBound(
+                            RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(), key, value, headers);
+                    int size = MemoryRecordsBuilder.estimatedBytesWritten(
+                            RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(),
+                            CompressionRatioEstimator.estimation(topic, 
compression.type()),
+                            recordUncompressed);
+                    log.trace("Allocating {} byte chunked buffer ({} byte 
chunks) for topic {} partition {} with remaining timeout {}ms",
+                            size, chunkedFree.poolableSize(), topic, 
effectivePartition, maxTimeToBlock);
+                    List<ByteBuffer> initialChunks;
+                    try {
+                        initialChunks = chunkedFree.allocateChunks(size, 
maxTimeToBlock);
+                    } catch (BufferExhaustedException e) {
+                        // The blocking new-batch acquire was not able to get 
memory within
+                        // max.block.ms. Record it in the buffer-exhausted 
metrics.
+                        chunkedFree.recordBufferExhausted();
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    nowMs = time.milliseconds();
+                    bufferStream = new 
ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream(initialChunks, chunkedFree.poolableSize(), 
chunkedFree);
+                }
+
+                synchronized (dq) {
+                    if (partitionChanged(topic, topicInfo, partitionInfo, dq, 
nowMs, cluster)) {
+                        // The partition switched while we allocated extension 
chunks off-lock. They
+                        // were sized against the previous partition's open 
batch, so they must not be
+                        // attached to a different partition's open batch — 
refund them and let the next
+                        // iteration re-check the new partition from scratch.
+                        deallocateExtensionChunks(extensionChunks);
+                        extensionChunks = null;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (extensionChunks != null) {
+                        ProducerBatch last = dq.peekLast();
+                        // The off-lock allocateChunks window allows the open 
batch we checked to be
+                        // drained and replaced — possibly by a split batch (a 
plain
+                        // ProducerBatch), which can't take extension chunks. 
Only attach to a
+                        // writable chunked batch; otherwise refund the chunks 
and re-evaluate.
+                        if (last instanceof ChunkedProducerBatch && 
last.isWritable()) {
+                            // Attach the chunks we sized off-lock without 
re-checking whether a
+                            // concurrent appender already grew the batch 
enough. Optimizes for the
+                            // uncontended case; under concurrency two 
appenders can each attach their
+                            // own gap (temporary over-allocation, one could 
have been enough for both).
+                            // The unused chunks returns to the pool when the 
batch closes for appends.
+                            ((ChunkedProducerBatch) 
last).addBuffers(extensionChunks);
+                            extensionChunks = null;
+                            RecordAppendResult retryResult = 
tryAppend(timestamp, key, value, headers, callbacks, dq, nowMs);
+                            if (retryResult.appended()) {
+                                boolean enableSwitch = allBatchesFull(dq);
+                                
topicInfo.builtInPartitioner.updatePartitionInfo(partitionInfo, 
retryResult.appendedBytes, cluster, enableSwitch);
+                                return retryResult;
+                            }
+                            // Still not appended: concurrent appenders filled 
the batch,
+                            // so the extension we attached is no longer 
enough.
+                            // Loop so the next iteration routes the record
+                            // right: needsBufferExtension with a fresh gap, 
or needsNewBatch
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        // The open batch is gone, closed, or non-chunked 
(e.g., a split batch). Return chunks to pool.
+                        deallocateExtensionChunks(extensionChunks);
+                        extensionChunks = null;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // needsNewBatch path: extensionChunks == null here 
implies needsNewBatch,
+                    // so bufferStream was allocated (this iteration or 
carried from a prior one).
+                    if (bufferStream == null)
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("needsNewBatch path 
reached without an allocated buffer stream");
+                    int firstRecordSize = 
AbstractRecords.estimateSizeInBytesUpperBound(

Review Comment:
   This code is different from the code when the new batch is allocated. Could 
we remember the first record size when the new batch is allocated and reuse it 
here?
   ```
                       int recordUncompressed = 
AbstractRecords.recordSizeUpperBound(
                               RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(), key, value, headers);
                       int size = MemoryRecordsBuilder.estimatedBytesWritten(
                               RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(),
                               CompressionRatioEstimator.estimation(topic, 
compression.type()),
                               recordUncompressed);
   ```



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/clients/producer/internals/ChunkedRecordAccumulator.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.BufferExhaustedException;
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.Callback;
+import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.RecordMetadata;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.Cluster;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.KafkaException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.compress.Compression;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.header.Header;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.metrics.Metrics;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.TimestampType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.AbstractRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.CompressionRatioEstimator;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.CompressionType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.MemoryRecordsBuilder;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.Record;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.internal.RecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.internals.LogContext;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link RecordAccumulator} variant that backs each batch with fixed-size 
chunks drawn from a
+ * {@link ChunkedBufferPool}, attaching more chunks on demand as records are 
appended instead of
+ * reserving {@code batch.size} per batch up front. Buffered memory therefore 
scales with the data
+ * actually written rather than with {@code active_partition_count × 
batch.size}.
+ * <p>
+ * See {@link #append} and {@link #tryAppend} for how batches are created and 
grown.
+ * <p>
+ * TODO: support compressed data (with mid-record growth); the constructor 
rejects compression for now.
+ */
+public class ChunkedRecordAccumulator extends RecordAccumulator {
+
+    /**
+     * Fixed size of every chunk, independent of {@code batch.size}. The 
incremental strategy is
+     * only used when {@code batch.size >= CHUNK_SIZE} (see {@code 
KafkaProducer}); below it a batch
+     * is smaller than a single chunk, so the producer uses the full strategy 
instead.
+     */
+    public static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
+
+    private final ChunkedBufferPool chunkedFree;
+
+    public ChunkedRecordAccumulator(LogContext logContext,
+                                    int batchSize,
+                                    Compression compression,
+                                    int lingerMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                                    int deliveryTimeoutMs,
+                                    PartitionerConfig partitionerConfig,
+                                    Metrics metrics,
+                                    String metricGrpName,
+                                    Time time,
+                                    TransactionManager transactionManager,
+                                    ChunkedBufferPool bufferPool) {
+        super(logContext, batchSize, compression, lingerMs, retryBackoffMs, 
retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                deliveryTimeoutMs, partitionerConfig, metrics, metricGrpName, 
time, transactionManager, bufferPool);
+        // TODO: drop this once the incremental strategy supports compressed 
data (with the
+        //   mid-record growth fallback for compressor overshoot).
+        if (compression.type() != CompressionType.NONE)
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Compression is not yet supported with the incremental 
buffer.memory allocation strategy");
+        this.chunkedFree = bufferPool;
+    }
+
+    public ChunkedRecordAccumulator(LogContext logContext,
+                                    int batchSize,
+                                    Compression compression,
+                                    int lingerMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMs,
+                                    long retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                                    int deliveryTimeoutMs,
+                                    Metrics metrics,
+                                    String metricGrpName,
+                                    Time time,
+                                    TransactionManager transactionManager,
+                                    ChunkedBufferPool bufferPool) {
+        this(logContext, batchSize, compression, lingerMs, retryBackoffMs, 
retryBackoffMaxMs,
+                deliveryTimeoutMs, new PartitionerConfig(), metrics, 
metricGrpName, time, transactionManager,
+                bufferPool);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RecordAppendResult append(String topic,
+                                     int partition,
+                                     long timestamp,
+                                     byte[] key,
+                                     byte[] value,
+                                     Header[] headers,
+                                     AppendCallbacks callbacks,
+                                     long maxTimeToBlock,
+                                     long nowMs,
+                                     Cluster cluster) throws 
InterruptedException {
+        TopicInfo topicInfo = topicInfoMap.computeIfAbsent(topic,
+                k -> new TopicInfo(createBuiltInPartitioner(logContext, k, 
batchSize, partitionerRackAware, rack)));
+
+        appendsInProgress.incrementAndGet();
+        ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream bufferStream = null;
+        List<ByteBuffer> extensionChunks = null;
+        if (headers == null) headers = Record.EMPTY_HEADERS;
+        try {
+            while (true) {
+                final BuiltInPartitioner.StickyPartitionInfo partitionInfo;
+                final int effectivePartition;
+                if (partition == RecordMetadata.UNKNOWN_PARTITION) {
+                    partitionInfo = 
topicInfo.builtInPartitioner.peekCurrentPartitionInfo(cluster);
+                    effectivePartition = partitionInfo.partition();
+                } else {
+                    partitionInfo = null;
+                    effectivePartition = partition;
+                }
+                setPartition(callbacks, effectivePartition);
+
+                Deque<ProducerBatch> dq = 
topicInfo.batches.computeIfAbsent(effectivePartition, k -> new ArrayDeque<>());
+                RecordAppendResult appendResult;
+                synchronized (dq) {
+                    if (partitionChanged(topic, topicInfo, partitionInfo, dq, 
nowMs, cluster))
+                        continue;
+
+                    // The tryAppend checks the open batch (dq.peekLast()) for 
chunk capacity:
+                    // a needsBufferExtension result means it is within its 
batch-size limit
+                    // but its chunks lack capacity for this record, so it 
will allocate the gap
+                    // outside the deque lock. A needsNewBatch result means 
there is no open batch
+                    // (full or absent), so it will fall through to the 
first-record (new batch) path.
+                    appendResult = tryAppend(timestamp, key, value, headers, 
callbacks, dq, nowMs);
+                    if (appendResult.appended()) {
+                        boolean enableSwitch = allBatchesFull(dq);
+                        
topicInfo.builtInPartitioner.updatePartitionInfo(partitionInfo, 
appendResult.appendedBytes, cluster, enableSwitch);
+                        return appendResult;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (appendResult.needsBufferExtension()) {
+                    // Mid-batch extension: the open batch can still take this 
record so grow it in
+                    // place. The acquire is non-blocking to fail fast when 
the pool is exhausted:
+                    // close the batch and let the record block once on the 
new-batch path.
+                    // A blocking call would lead to the same outcome, but 
would block once here
+                    // and still need a second blocking call to start a new 
batch anyways
+                    // (a first blocking call here would make all open batches 
drainable, including this one,
+                    // so most probably our batch would be gone/drained by the 
time memory is returned to the pool,
+                    // and we would need a new batch for our record anyways).
+                    try {
+                        extensionChunks = 
chunkedFree.allocateChunks(appendResult.extensionBytesNeeded, 0L);
+                    } catch (BufferExhaustedException e) {
+                        log.trace("Pool exhausted while extending batch for 
topic {} partition {}; closing existing batch",
+                                topic, effectivePartition);
+                        synchronized (dq) {
+                            ProducerBatch last = dq.peekLast();
+                            if (last != null && last.isWritable()) {
+                                last.closeForRecordAppends();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        // Continue to the next iteration that should block to 
start a new batch (needsNewBatch),
+                        // given that this one has been closed for appends.
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    nowMs = time.milliseconds();
+                } else if (appendResult.needsNewBatch() && bufferStream == 
null) {
+                    // The open batch is done (e.g., full, closed) so start a 
new one.
+                    // Block on the pool for enough chunks to fit this record, 
sized with the
+                    // same cumulative estimator used mid-batch (header + 
record bytes for NONE,
+                    // ratio-adjusted when compressed) so the two stay 
consistent.
+                    int recordUncompressed = 
AbstractRecords.recordSizeUpperBound(
+                            RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(), key, value, headers);
+                    int size = MemoryRecordsBuilder.estimatedBytesWritten(
+                            RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(),
+                            CompressionRatioEstimator.estimation(topic, 
compression.type()),
+                            recordUncompressed);
+                    log.trace("Allocating {} byte chunked buffer ({} byte 
chunks) for topic {} partition {} with remaining timeout {}ms",
+                            size, chunkedFree.poolableSize(), topic, 
effectivePartition, maxTimeToBlock);
+                    List<ByteBuffer> initialChunks;
+                    try {
+                        initialChunks = chunkedFree.allocateChunks(size, 
maxTimeToBlock);
+                    } catch (BufferExhaustedException e) {
+                        // The blocking new-batch acquire was not able to get 
memory within
+                        // max.block.ms. Record it in the buffer-exhausted 
metrics.
+                        chunkedFree.recordBufferExhausted();
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    nowMs = time.milliseconds();
+                    bufferStream = new 
ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream(initialChunks, chunkedFree.poolableSize(), 
chunkedFree);
+                }
+
+                synchronized (dq) {
+                    if (partitionChanged(topic, topicInfo, partitionInfo, dq, 
nowMs, cluster)) {
+                        // The partition switched while we allocated extension 
chunks off-lock. They
+                        // were sized against the previous partition's open 
batch, so they must not be
+                        // attached to a different partition's open batch — 
refund them and let the next
+                        // iteration re-check the new partition from scratch.
+                        deallocateExtensionChunks(extensionChunks);
+                        extensionChunks = null;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (extensionChunks != null) {
+                        ProducerBatch last = dq.peekLast();
+                        // The off-lock allocateChunks window allows the open 
batch we checked to be
+                        // drained and replaced — possibly by a split batch (a 
plain
+                        // ProducerBatch), which can't take extension chunks. 
Only attach to a
+                        // writable chunked batch; otherwise refund the chunks 
and re-evaluate.
+                        if (last instanceof ChunkedProducerBatch && 
last.isWritable()) {
+                            // Attach the chunks we sized off-lock without 
re-checking whether a
+                            // concurrent appender already grew the batch 
enough. Optimizes for the
+                            // uncontended case; under concurrency two 
appenders can each attach their
+                            // own gap (temporary over-allocation, one could 
have been enough for both).
+                            // The unused chunks returns to the pool when the 
batch closes for appends.
+                            ((ChunkedProducerBatch) 
last).addBuffers(extensionChunks);
+                            extensionChunks = null;
+                            RecordAppendResult retryResult = 
tryAppend(timestamp, key, value, headers, callbacks, dq, nowMs);
+                            if (retryResult.appended()) {
+                                boolean enableSwitch = allBatchesFull(dq);
+                                
topicInfo.builtInPartitioner.updatePartitionInfo(partitionInfo, 
retryResult.appendedBytes, cluster, enableSwitch);
+                                return retryResult;
+                            }
+                            // Still not appended: concurrent appenders filled 
the batch,
+                            // so the extension we attached is no longer 
enough.
+                            // Loop so the next iteration routes the record
+                            // right: needsBufferExtension with a fresh gap, 
or needsNewBatch
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        // The open batch is gone, closed, or non-chunked 
(e.g., a split batch). Return chunks to pool.
+                        deallocateExtensionChunks(extensionChunks);
+                        extensionChunks = null;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // needsNewBatch path: extensionChunks == null here 
implies needsNewBatch,
+                    // so bufferStream was allocated (this iteration or 
carried from a prior one).
+                    if (bufferStream == null)
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("needsNewBatch path 
reached without an allocated buffer stream");
+                    int firstRecordSize = 
AbstractRecords.estimateSizeInBytesUpperBound(
+                            RecordBatch.CURRENT_MAGIC_VALUE, 
compression.type(), key, value, headers);
+                    final ChunkedByteBufferOutputStream batchStream = 
bufferStream;
+                    appendResult = appendNewBatch(topic, effectivePartition, 
dq, timestamp, key, value, headers, callbacks,
+                            () -> chunkedRecordsBuilder(batchStream, 
firstRecordSize), nowMs);
+                    if (appendResult.needsBufferExtension()) {
+                        // A concurrent appender created an open batch we 
should extend rather
+                        // than start a new one (detected by appendNewBatch's 
in-lock tryAppend).
+                        // Our bufferStream was sized for a fresh batch — 
release it and loop so
+                        // the extension path allocates exactly the gap-sized 
chunks.
+                        bufferStream.deallocate();
+                        bufferStream = null;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if (appendResult.needsNewBatch())
+                        throw new IllegalStateException("appendNewBatch must 
not return a needsNewBatch result");

Review Comment:
   Could we do this check right after we get appendResult back?



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