mjsax commented on a change in pull request #8995:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/8995#discussion_r451796320
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File path: docs/streams/core-concepts.html
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@@ -170,13 +150,59 @@ <h3><a id="streams_concepts_duality"
href="#streams-concepts-duality">Duality of
or to run <a id="streams-developer-guide-interactive-queries"
href="/{{version}}/documentation/streams/developer-guide/interactive-queries#interactive-queries">interactive
queries</a>
against your application's latest processing results. And, beyond its
internal usage, the Kafka Streams API
also allows developers to exploit this duality in their own applications.
- </p>
+ </p>
- <p>
+ <p>
Before we discuss concepts such as <a
id="streams-developer-guide-dsl-aggregating"
href="/{{version}}/documentation/streams/developer-guide/dsl-api#aggregating">aggregations</a>
in Kafka Streams, we must first introduce <strong>tables</strong> in
more detail, and talk about the aforementioned stream-table duality.
- Essentially, this duality means that a stream can be viewed as a table,
and a table can be viewed as a stream.
- </p>
+ Essentially, this duality means that a stream can be viewed as a table,
and a table can be viewed as a stream. Kafka's log compaction feature, for
example, exploits this duality.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ A simple form of a table is a collection of key-value pairs, also
called a map or associative array. Such a table may look as follows:
+ </p>
+ <img class="centered"
src="/{{version}}/images/streams-table-duality-01.png">
+
+ The <b>stream-table duality</b> describes the close relationship between
streams and tables.
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>Stream as Table</b>: A stream can be considered a changelog of
a table, where each data record in the stream captures a state change of the
table. A stream is thus a table in disguise, and it can be easily turned into a
"real" table by replaying the changelog from beginning to end to reconstruct
the table. Similarly, in a more general analogy, aggregating data records in a
stream - such as computing the total number of pageviews by user from a stream
of pageview events - will return a table (here with the key and the value being
the user and its corresponding pageview count, respectively).</li>
+ <li><b>Table as Stream</b>: A table can be considered a snapshot, at a
point in time, of the latest value for each key in a stream (a stream's data
records are key-value pairs). A table is thus a stream in disguise, and it can
be easily turned into a "real" stream by iterating over each key-value entry in
the table.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>
+ Let's illustrate this with an example. Imagine a table that tracks the
total number of pageviews by user (first column of diagram below). Over time,
whenever a new pageview event is processed, the state of the table is updated
accordingly. Here, the state changes between different points in time - and
different revisions of the table - can be represented as a changelog stream
(second column).
+ </p>
+ <img class="centered"
src="/{{version}}/images/streams-table-duality-02.png" style="width:300px">
+
+ <p>
+ Interestingly, because of the stream-table duality, the same stream
can be used to reconstruct the original table (third column):
+ </p>
+ <img class="centered"
src="/{{version}}/images/streams-table-duality-03.png" style="width:600px">
+
+ <p>
+ The same mechanism is used, for example, to replicate databases via
change data capture (CDC) and, within Kafka Streams, to replicate its so-called
state stores across machines for fault-tolerance.
+ The stream-table duality is such an important concept that Kafka
Streams models it explicitly via the <a href="#streams_kstream_ktable">KStream,
KTable, and GlobalKTable</a> interfaces.
+ </p>
+
+ <h3><a id="streams_concepts_aggregations"
href="#streams_concepts_aggregations">Aggregations</a></h3>
+ <p>
+ An <strong>aggregation</strong> operation takes one input stream or
table, and yields a new table by combining multiple input records into a single
output record. Examples of aggregations are computing counts or sum.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ In the <code>Kafka Streams DSL</code>, an input stream of an
<code>aggregation</code> can be a KStream or a KTable, but the output stream
will always be a KTable. This allows Kafka Streams to update an aggregate value
upon the out-of-order arrival of further records after the value was produced
and emitted. When such out-of-order arrival happens, the aggregating KStream or
KTable emits a new aggregate value. Because the output is a KTable, the new
value is considered to overwrite the old value with the same key in subsequent
processing steps.
Review comment:
Can we avoid those super long lines? Similar below.
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