Hangleton commented on code in PR #12045:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/12045#discussion_r862786317


##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/metrics/stats/SampledStat.java:
##########
@@ -87,8 +103,9 @@ public Sample oldest(long now) {
         Sample oldest = this.samples.get(0);
         for (int i = 1; i < this.samples.size(); i++) {
             Sample curr = this.samples.get(i);
-            if (curr.lastWindowMs < oldest.lastWindowMs)
+            if ((curr.getLastWindowMs() < oldest.getLastWindowMs()) && 
curr.isActive()) { // only consider active samples

Review Comment:
   Does the `isActive` really required? Before the oldest sample is computed, 
expired samples are reset which brings the `lastWindonMs` equal to `now`. 
   
   Marginal note: this assumes at least one sample is active (that is if all 
samples between 1 and `samples.size()` are not active, the first sample in the 
list has to be active and would be the current sample).



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/metrics/stats/SampledStat.java:
##########
@@ -110,25 +127,40 @@ public String toString() {
     protected void purgeObsoleteSamples(MetricConfig config, long now) {
         long expireAge = config.samples() * config.timeWindowMs();
         for (Sample sample : samples) {
-            if (now - sample.lastWindowMs >= expireAge)
+            if (now - sample.getLastWindowMs() >= expireAge)
                 sample.reset(now);
         }
     }
 
     protected static class Sample {
-        public double initialValue;
-        public long eventCount;
-        public long lastWindowMs;
-        public double value;
+        private double initialValue;
+        private long eventCount;
+        private long lastWindowMs;
+        private double value;
+
+        /**
+         * A Sample object could be re-used in a ring buffer to store future 
samples for space efficiency.
+         * Thus, a sample could be in either of the following lifecycle states:
+         * NOT_INITIALIZED: Sample has not been initialized.
+         * ACTIVE: Sample has values and is currently
+         * RESET: Sample has been reset and the object is not destroyed so 
that it could be used for storing future
+         *        samples.
+         */
+        private enum LifecycleState {

Review Comment:
   Cf. comment on calculation of the oldest sample - not sure this is required 
given `reset` update the `lastWindowMs` of the sample to the "current" 
timestamp at the time of the reset.



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/metrics/stats/Rate.java:
##########
@@ -68,28 +63,61 @@ public double measure(MetricConfig config, long now) {
     }
 
     public long windowSize(MetricConfig config, long now) {
-        // purge old samples before we compute the window size
+        // Purge obsolete samples. Obsolete samples are the ones which are not 
relevant to the current calculation
+        // because their creation time is outside (before) the duration of 
time window used to calculate rate.
         stat.purgeObsoleteSamples(config, now);
 
         /*
          * Here we check the total amount of time elapsed since the oldest 
non-obsolete window.
-         * This give the total windowSize of the batch which is the time used 
for Rate computation.
-         * However, there is an issue if we do not have sufficient data for 
e.g. if only 1 second has elapsed in a 30 second
-         * window, the measured rate will be very high.
-         * Hence we assume that the elapsed time is always N-1 complete 
windows plus whatever fraction of the final window is complete.
+         * This gives the duration of computation time window which used to 
calculate Rate.
+         *
+         * For scenarios when rate computation is performed after at least 
`config.samples` have completed,
+         * the duration of computation time window is determined by:
+         *      window duration = (now - start time of oldest non-obsolete 
window)
+         *
+         * ## Special case: First ever window
+         * A special scenario occurs when rate calculation is performed before 
at least `config.samples` have completed
+         * (e.g. if only 1 second has elapsed in a 30 second). In such a 
scenario, window duration would be equal to the
+         * time elapsed in the current window (since oldest non-obsolete 
window is current window). This leads to the
+         * following values for rate. Consider the following example:
+         *      config.timeWindowMs() = 1s
+         *      config.samples() = 2
+         *      Record events (E) at timestamps:
+         *          E1 = CurrentTimeStamp (T1)
+         *          E2 = T1 + 30ms
+         *          E2 = T1 + 60ms

Review Comment:
   E2 -> E3



##########
clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/metrics/stats/SampledStat.java:
##########
@@ -34,22 +34,38 @@
  */
 public abstract class SampledStat implements MeasurableStat {
 
-    private double initialValue;
+    private final double initialValue;
     private int current = 0;
+
     protected List<Sample> samples;
 
     public SampledStat(double initialValue) {
         this.initialValue = initialValue;
         this.samples = new ArrayList<>(2);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     *
+     * On every record, do the following:
+     * 1. Check if the current window has expired
+     * 2. If yes, then advance the current pointer to new window. The start 
time of the new window is set to nearest
+     *    possible starting point for the new window. The nearest starting 
point occurs at config.timeWindowMs intervals
+     *    from the end time of last known window.
+     * 3. Update the recorded value for the current window
+     * 4. Increase the number of event count
+     */
     @Override
-    public void record(MetricConfig config, double value, long timeMs) {
-        Sample sample = current(timeMs);
-        if (sample.isComplete(timeMs, config))
-            sample = advance(config, timeMs);
-        update(sample, config, value, timeMs);
-        sample.eventCount += 1;
+    public void record(MetricConfig config, double value, long 
recordingTimeMs) {
+        Sample sample = current(recordingTimeMs);
+        if (sample.isComplete(recordingTimeMs, config)) {
+            final long previousWindowStartTime = sample.getLastWindowMs();
+            sample = advance(config, recordingTimeMs);

Review Comment:
   This should be equivalent to:
   
   ```
   final long previousWindowStartTime = sample.getLastWindowMs();
   final long previousWindowEndtime = previousWindowStartTime + 
config.timeWindowMs();
   sample = advance(config, recordingTimeMs - ((recordingTimeMs - 
previousWindowEndtime) % config.timeWindowMs()));
   ```



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