That's an affordance that has not proven to be desired or needed in
practice, especially since you can have multiple keys in a JWKS, some for
"single" recipient cases, some for "multi" recipient cases.

> The only potential footgun is specifying alg for ECDH keys, don't do that.

That's not a footgun, that's being descriptive and precise in specifying
what a JWK public key representation is for.

As a side note, JOSE-HPKE having the same "alg" for both integrated
encryption and key encryption, in that you must take a look at the "enc" to
figure out what's what is barely acceptable, let alone to be used as an
argument.

S pozdravem,
*Filip Skokan*


On Sat, 11 Oct 2025 at 15:46, Ilari Liusvaara <[email protected]>
wrote:

> On Sat, Oct 11, 2025 at 02:52:11PM +0200, Filip Skokan wrote:
> > @Ilari Liusvaara <[email protected]>
> >
> > And if encrypting to multiple JWKs and there is
> > > a single-recipient one? Ouch.
> >
> >
> > I don't follow what you're describing here, when using General JWE JSON
> > Serialization Syntax with multiple recipients (i.e. encrypting to
> multiple
> > JWKs, but not necessarily JWKs) there's one CEK and one ciphertext, ergo
> > any Direct Agreement-like algorithm, albeit ECDH-ES (no KW), dir,
> ML-KEM-*
> > (no KW), or HPKE using integrated encryption, is not possible in the
> first
> > place.
>
> All the current JWK asymmetric encryption keys (RSA-OAEP, ECDH and even
> JOSE-HPKE/AKP) can work just fine with one or many receipients. Even
> encrypt-only EC2 keys work (use:enc). The only potential footgun is
> specifying alg for ECDH keys, don't do that.
>
> (COSE is a bit different. It does not have use:enc, but can perform
> multi-recipient encryption using Direct Key Agreement[1].)
>
>
> [1] COSE allows all sorts of weird stuff, including plenty where I have
> no idea why anyone would want to do such thing (e.g., anything that
> involves "Rec_Recipient" or layer3).
>
>
>
>
> -Ilari
>
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