Refiling against the kernel as both of your links suggest

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1649342

Title:
  md5sum fails with message "Invalid argument" on 4,294,967,295-byte
  files in FAT32 - tracked down to Ubuntu incompatible change to
  kernel's fread and stdio stream

Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  Bug discovered in the threads at http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html
  /bug-coreutils/2016-12/msg00008.html and
  https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=189981 partially quoted
  below (with the permission of the persons involved).

  
  === Message 1 ===

  --- Bug ---
  In a FAT32 file system, if one runs md5sum on a 4,294,967,294-byte file (one 
byte less than the maximum file size) it succeeds, but if one runs md5sum on a 
4,294,967,295-byte file (the maximum file size) it fails with error message 
"Invalid argument".

  --- How to reproduce the bug ---
  Create a FAT32 file system in a file "tmp.fs":
     truncate -s 9G tmp.fs
     mkfs.vfat -F 32 tmp.fs
  Mount at "/tmp/mounted_tmp/" the file system in file "tmp.fs":
     sudo mkdir /tmp/mounted_tmp/
     sudo mount -o loop,rw,uid=1000,gid=1000 tmp.fs /tmp/mounted_tmp/
  Create two files in "/tmp/mounted_tmp/", file "file_1" with 4,294,967,294 
bytes and file "file_2" with 4,294,967,295 bytes:
     cd /tmp/mounted_tmp/
     truncate -s 4294967294 file_1
     truncate -s 4294967295 file_2
  Run md5sum on the two files "file_1" and "file_2":
     md5sum file_1
     md5sum file_2
  The outputs should be respectively (notice that the second output is an error 
message):
     541249e3205af07b4a03f891185f64a0  file_1
     md5sum: file_2: Invalid argument
  Unmount the file system at "/tmp/mounted_tmp/":
     cd ..
     sudo umount /tmp/mounted_tmp/
     sudo rmdir /tmp/mounted_tmp/
  Remove the file "tmp.fs".

  --- Notes ---
  Tested with md5sum 8.25 running on an updated Ubuntu 16.10 with kernel 
4.8.0-30-generic.
  The same bug affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum, 
but not crc32.

  
  === Message 2 ===

  ...
  > --- How to reproduce the bug ---
  ...

  I can't repro this with any md5sum version on 4.2.5-300.fc23.x86_64
  So I'm guessing a kernel regression.
  Can you strace -o /tmp/md5sum.strace md5sum file_2,
  and look towards the end of the strace file to identify the syscall returning 
EINVAL?
  In any case I'd direct the issue towards the kernel folks.
  ...

  
  === Message 3 ===

  > Can you strace -o /tmp/md5sum.strace md5sum file_2,
  > and look towards the end of the strace file to identify the syscall
  > returning EINVAL?

  It is the seventh and eighth lines below:

        ...
     read(3, 
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 32768) = 
32768
     read(3, 
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 32768) = 
32768
     read(3, 
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 32768) = 
32768
     read(3, 
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 32768) = 
32768
     read(3, 
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 32768) = 
32767
     read(3, 0x25c12b0, 8192)                = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
     read(3, 0x25c12b0, 8192)                = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
     write(2, "md5sum: ", 8)                 = 8
     write(2, "file_2", 6)                   = 6
     open("/usr/share/locale/locale.alias", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 4
     fstat(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=2995, ...}) = 0
     read(4, "# Locale name alias data base.\n#"..., 4096) = 2995
     read(4, "", 4096)                       = 0
     close(4)                                = 0
     open("/usr/share/locale/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT 
(No such file or directory)
     open("/usr/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No 
such file or directory)
     open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en_GB/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = 4
     fstat(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=3537, ...}) = 0
     mmap(NULL, 3537, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 4, 0) = 0x7f53d8d0a000
     close(4)                                = 0
     open("/usr/share/locale-langpack/en/LC_MESSAGES/libc.mo", O_RDONLY) = -1 
ENOENT (No such file or directory)
     write(2, ": Invalid argument", 18)      = 18
     write(2, "\n", 1)                       = 1
     lseek(3, 0, SEEK_CUR)                   = 4294967295
     close(3)                                = 0
     close(1)                                = 0
     close(2)                                = 0
     exit_group(1)                           = ?
     +++ exited with 1 +++

  
  === Message 4 ===

  ...
  >    read(3, 
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 32768) = 
32767

  OK we've read all we can, but to verify md5sum will do:
    fread(buffer + 32767, 1, 1, stream)

  Then the stdio stream will issue the underlying read()s
  I'm not too sure where there are two reads here,
  but they shouldn't be returning EINVAL, but just
  returning 0 to indicate EOF.

  >    read(3, 0x25c12b0, 8192)                = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)
  >    read(3, 0x25c12b0, 8192)                = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)

  So it's a kernel bug as suspected.
  ...

  
  === Message 5 ===

  ...
  Hm, tested on debian/testing with v4.8 vanilla (+ debian gcc PIE fix).
  However, I couldn't reproduce it.

      # truncate -s 9G tmp.fs
      # mkfs.vfat -F 32 tmp.fs
      mkfs.fat 4.0 (2016-05-06)
      # mount -o loop,rw,uid=1000,gid=1000 tmp.fs m
      # cd m
      # truncate -s 4294967294 file_1
      # truncate -s 4294967295 file_2
      # md5sum file_1
      541249e3205af07b4a03f891185f64a0  file_1
      # md5sum file_2
      c654ebc4b3472cfa01ade24bbbbc6d3e  file_2

  Can you try v4.8 vanilla?
  ...

  
  === Message 6 ===

  ...
  I tested with kernel 4.8.0-040800-generic from 
http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.8/ and I cannot reproduce the 
bug.
  I tested with kernel 4.8.0-30-generic from an updated Ubuntu 16.10 and I can 
reproduce the bug.

  
  === Message 7 ===

  ...
  With quick check, ubuntu seems to added incompatible change. This should be
  reported to ubuntu.

  @@ -1674,6 +1687,10 @@
       unsigned int prev_offset;
       int error = 0;

  +    if (unlikely(*ppos >= inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes))
  +        return -EINVAL;
  +    iov_iter_truncate(iter, inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes);
  +

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