I see two problems.

1. You have a very old kernel installed (3.13.0-38), which is causing
this message: "E: amd64-microcode: unsupported kernel version!" I'm not
sure if this is causing update-initramfs to fail, but if you don't need
this kernel you should just remove it.

2. These messages:

  E: /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/casper-memdisk failed with return 1.
  update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-38-generic with 1.

Again, this may go away if you remove the old kernel. However it also
seems like it should not fail like this, so I've added casper to the
bug.

Neither of these is a problem with linux-firmware. Rather, linux-
firmware triggers an initramfs update, and other packages are causing
the initramfs update to fail.

** Also affects: casper (Ubuntu)
   Importance: Undecided
       Status: New

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1879077

Title:
  package linux-firmware 1.157.23 failed to install/upgrade: subprocess
  installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1

Status in casper package in Ubuntu:
  New
Status in linux-firmware package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  when I am trying to upgrade to 16.04 from 14  , i am getting below
  error

  
  Cmd : lsb_release -rd
  Description:  Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS
  Release:      16.04

  
  What I expected to happen -- Ubuntu upgrades to 16.04 with upgraded kernel 4.4
     
  What happened instead : it upgraded to 16.04 but with old kernel only and my 
sound has stopped




  
  Setting up initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.16) ...
  update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
  Setting up linux-firmware (1.157.23) ...
  update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-38-generic
  E: amd64-microcode: unsupported kernel version!
  E: /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/casper-memdisk failed with return 1.
  update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-38-generic with 1.
  dpkg: error processing package linux-firmware (--configure):
   subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
  Setting up linux-image-4.4.0-178-generic (4.4.0-178.208) ...
  No apport report written because the error message indicates its a followup 
error from a previous failure.
                                                                                
                            No apport report written because the error message 
indicates its a followup error from a previous failure.
                                                                       dpkg: 
dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-image-generic:
   linux-image-generic depends on linux-firmware; however:
    Package linux-firmware is not configured yet.

  dpkg: error processing package linux-image-generic (--configure):
   dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
  dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-generic:
   linux-generic depends on linux-image-generic (= 4.4.0.178.186); however:
    Package linux-image-generic is not configured yet.

  dpkg: error processing package linux-generic (--configure):
   dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
  Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.122ubuntu8.16) ...
  update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-38-generic
  E: amd64-microcode: unsupported kernel version!
  E: /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/casper-memdisk failed with return 1.
  update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-38-generic with 1.
  dpkg: error processing package initramfs-tools (--configure):
   subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
  No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already
                                                                Processing 
triggers for linux-image-4.4.0-178-generic (4.4.0-178.208) ...
  /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms:
   * dkms: running auto installation service for kernel 4.4.0-178-generic
  Error!  The dkms.conf for this module includes a BUILD_EXCLUSIVE directive 
which
  does not match this kernel/arch.  This indicates that it should not be built.
     ...done.
  /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools:
  update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-178-generic
  E: /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/casper-memdisk failed with return 1.
  update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-178-generic with 1.
  run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools exited with return code 1
  dpkg: error processing package linux-image-4.4.0-178-generic (--configure):
   subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
  No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already
                                                                Errors were 
encountered while processing:
   linux-firmware
   linux-image-generic
   linux-generic
   initramfs-tools
   linux-image-4.4.0-178-generic
  E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

  ProblemType: Package
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 16.04
  Package: linux-firmware 1.157.23
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 3.13.0-38.65somerville1-generic 3.13.11.9
  Uname: Linux 3.13.0-38-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.23
  Architecture: amd64
  Date: Sat May 16 21:00:04 2020
  Dependencies:
   
  DistributionChannelDescriptor:
   # This is a distribution channel descriptor
   # For more information see 
http://wiki.ubuntu.com/DistributionChannelDescriptor
   canonical-oem-somerville-trusty-amd64-20140620-0
  ErrorMessage: subprocess installed post-installation script returned error 
exit status 1
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2020-01-11 (126 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 14.04 "Trusty" - Build amd64 LIVE Binary 
20140620-04:25
  PackageArchitecture: all
  RelatedPackageVersions:
   dpkg 1.18.4ubuntu1.6
   apt  1.2.32ubuntu0.1
  SourcePackage: linux-firmware
  Title: package linux-firmware 1.157.23 failed to install/upgrade: subprocess 
installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to xenial on 2020-05-16 (0 days ago)

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