I believe the key to the reproducer is having the kdump-tools package
installed in the chroot.  The kdump-tools package provides a
/etc/kernel/postinst.d/kdump-tools script, which has the following
snippet:

(Apologies for formatting, the interface removes the leading spaces from
this code)

 43 if test "${MODULES-most}" = most; then
 44         # Switch from "most" to "dep" to reduce the size of the initramfs.
 45         # "netboot" and "list" are expected to be already small enough.
 46         KDUMP_MODULES=dep
 47 fi
 48 
 49 # We need a modified copy of initramfs-tools directory
 50 # with MODULES=dep in initramfs.conf
 51 if [ ! -d "$kdumpdir" ];then
 52         mkdir -p "$kdumpdir"
 53 fi
 54 # Force re-creation of $kdumpdir/initramfs-tools
 55 # in case the source has changed since last time
 56 # we ran
 57 if [ -d "$kdumpdir/initramfs-tools" ];then
 58         rm -Rf $kdumpdir/initramfs-tools
 59 fi
 60 cp -pr /etc/initramfs-tools "$kdumpdir"
 61 
 62 initramfsdir="$kdumpdir/initramfs-tools"
 63 
 64 if test -n "${KDUMP_MODULES-}" -a "${KDUMP_MODULES-}" != "${MODULES}"; then
 65         mkdir -p "$initramfsdir/conf.d"
 66         echo "MODULES=${KDUMP_MODULES}" > "$initramfsdir/conf.d/zzz-kdump"
 67 fi

This changes the initramfs-tools default from "MODULES=most" to
"MODULES=dep" before generating the initrd.  "MODULES=dep" fails in a
chroot because there's no way to map '/' back to the block device that
it resides on.

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Packages, which is subscribed to linux-nvidia in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2043059

Title:
  Installation errors out when installing in a chroot

Status in linux-nvidia package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  Processing triggers for linux-image-5.15.0-1040-nvidia (5.15.0-1040.40) ...
  /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms:
   * dkms: running auto installation service for kernel 5.15.0-1040-nvidia
     ...done.
  /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools:
  update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-1040-nvidia
  cryptsetup: WARNING: Couldn't determine root device
  W: Couldn't identify type of root file system for fsck hook
  cp: cannot stat '/etc/iscsi/initiatorname.iscsi': No such file or directory
  /etc/kernel/postinst.d/kdump-tools:
  kdump-tools: Generating /var/lib/kdump/initrd.img-5.15.0-1040-nvidia
  mkinitramfs: failed to determine device for /
  mkinitramfs: workaround is MODULES=most, check:
  grep -r MODULES /var/lib/kdump/initramfs-tools

  Error please report bug on initramfs-tools
  Include the output of 'mount' and 'cat /proc/mounts'
  update-initramfs: failed for /var/lib/kdump/initrd.img-5.15.0-1040-nvidia 
with 1.
  run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/kdump-tools exited with return code 1
  dpkg: error processing package linux-image-5.15.0-1040-nvidia (--configure):
   installed linux-image-5.15.0-1040-nvidia package post-installation script 
subprocess returned error exit status 1
  Errors were encountered while processing:
   linux-image-5.15.0-1040-nvidia
  E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

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