Hello U can download coreutils from gnu.org.
Sent from my HTC -- Send Kernelnewbies mailing list submissions to kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to kernelnewbies-requ...@kernelnewbies.org You can reach the person managing the list at kernelnewbies-ow...@kernelnewbies.org When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific than "Re: Contents of Kernelnewbies digest..." Message: 1 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 18:17:36 +0800 From: ?? <lovelyl...@gmail.com> Subject: Re: [RFC] tcp: How does SACK or FACK determine the time to start fast retransmition? To: Vijay Subramanian <subramanian.vi...@gmail.com> Cc: netdev <net...@vger.kernel.org>, kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org Message-ID: <4fe2f4c0.4020...@gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed ? 2012/6/21 16:42, Vijay Subramanian ??: > With SACK, number of dupacks does not have much meaning. What matters is > --how the SACK scoreboard looks like i.e. which packets are tagged > Lost/Sacked/Retransmitted > -- Whether FACK is in use (this assumes holes in between sacked > packets are lost and have left the network and so we can send out more > packets) > > So, stack does not count the number of dupacks that have come in. Only > SACK blocks matter. > You can try to track the following path: > tcp_ack() deals with incoming acks and if it sees a dupack (does not > matter what number), or incoming packet contains SACK it calls > tcp_fastretrans_alert() which calls tcp_xmit_retransmit_queue(). > > tcp_xmit_retransmit_queue() decides which packets to retransmit. The > first packet to start retransmitting from is tracked in > tp->retransmit_skb_hint. > Note that the dupThresh is actually tracked by tp->reordering which > measures the reordering in the network and is not fixed at 3. So, if > more than > tp->reordering packets have been acked above a given packet, this > packet is a candidate for retransmisson. See tcp_mark_head_lost() to > see how the > reordering metric is used to mark packets as lost. This corresponds to > the check you mentioned in the RFC. > > So, window permitting, packets are sent as follows; > (a)-- Packets marked lost as per description above > (b)-- new packets (if any) > (c)-- Holes between sacked packets which are not reliably lost. > > choice between (b) and (c) is made in tcp_can_forward_retransmit(). > > Hope this helps. > Vijay > It is just I wanted! Thanks for your detailed explaination and kindness. ------------------------------ Message: 2 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 17:57:22 +0530 From: Vijay Chauhan <kernel.vi...@gmail.com> Subject: Kernel Memory To: kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org Message-ID: <CAJ61zBA++CFmTHSb2cRr=ckjdtkvyssvs3_igesbbf21gwa...@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Hello, I am newbie. It has been said "kernel memory is not pageable" What does it mean? There is no concept of kernel virtual address? Any simple explanation will help me to udnerstand. Thanks, Vijay ------------------------------ Message: 3 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 20:48:48 +0800 From: ?? <wangzhe5...@gmail.com> Subject: download the source code of some commands To: kernelnewbies <kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org> Message-ID: <cajrru3vhh719vzgccj3r8k842yemeo9d5_0swgqsgdnxe0v...@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Hi all: I want to see some source code of some commands,for example,halt,reboot,uptime,and so on. but i don't kown where to download? can you give me some advice? Thanks in advance! -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/pipermail/kernelnewbies/attachments/20120621/3a198ac7/attachment-0001.html ------------------------------ Message: 4 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 05:53:00 -0700 From: <ashish_bun...@dell.com> Subject: RE: download the source code of some commands To: <wangzhe5...@gmail.com>, <kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org> Message-ID: <a1a98fd909dc5248811a65c5d18e9c7635de8be...@blrx7mcdc202.amer.dell.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-2022-jp" All commands are bin files. You should find the scripts for them in /usr/bin only. Ashish Bunkar Linux Engineering Dell | BDC office +91-80-28078131, mobile +91-7259183696 ashish_bun...@dell.com<mailto:narayana...@dell.com> From: kernelnewbies-boun...@kernelnewbies.org [mailto:kernelnewbies-boun...@kernelnewbies.org] On Behalf Of ?? Sent: Thursday, June 21, 2012 6:19 PM To: kernelnewbies Subject: download the source code of some commands Hi all: I want to see some source code of some commands,for example,halt,reboot,uptime,and so on. but i don't kown where to download? can you give me some advice? Thanks in advance! -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/pipermail/kernelnewbies/attachments/20120621/26c38f65/attachment-0001.html ------------------------------ Message: 5 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 21:20:02 +0800 From: ?? <wangzhe5...@gmail.com> Subject: Re: download the source code of some commands To: ashish_bun...@dell.com Cc: kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org Message-ID: <cajrru3vpyfw+ww6go+hhnembsqhj676vx1f7g+ehus6_wtz...@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" 2012/6/21 <ashish_bun...@dell.com> > All commands are bin files. You should find the scripts for them in > /usr/bin only.**** > > ** > scripts ? can you give an example for an command? Thanks! > ** > > *Ashish Bunkar* > > Linux Engineering**** > > *Dell* | BDC** > > *office* +91-80-28078131, *mobile* +91-7259183696**** > > ashish_bun...@dell.com <narayana...@dell.com>**** > > ** ** > > ** ** > > ** ** > > *From:* kernelnewbies-boun...@kernelnewbies.org [mailto: > kernelnewbies-boun...@kernelnewbies.org] *On Behalf Of *?? > *Sent:* Thursday, June 21, 2012 6:19 PM > *To:* kernelnewbies > *Subject:* download the source code of some commands**** > > ** ** > > Hi all: > I want to see some source code of some commands,for > example,halt,reboot,uptime,and so on. > > but i don't kown where to download? can you give me some advice? > > Thanks in advance!**** > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/pipermail/kernelnewbies/attachments/20120621/33ff205d/attachment-0001.html ------------------------------ Message: 6 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 17:32:22 +0400 From: Denis Kirjanov <kirja...@gmail.com> Subject: Re: download the source code of some commands To: ?? <wangzhe5...@gmail.com> Cc: kernelnewbies <kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org> Message-ID: <CAHj3AV=8508ag5kf96nsgqopvi+xreanqt_qcvehmcxx7qj...@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 How does it related to the kernel? On 6/21/12, ?? <wangzhe5...@gmail.com> wrote: > Hi all: > I want to see some source code of some commands,for > example,halt,reboot,uptime,and so on. > > but i don't kown where to download? can you give me some advice? > > Thanks in advance! > -- Regards, Denis ------------------------------ Message: 7 Date: Thu, 21 Jun 2012 09:35:17 -0400 From: HowKernel StuffWorks <howkernelstuffwo...@gmail.com> Subject: Re: Kernel Memory To: Vijay Chauhan <kernel.vi...@gmail.com> Cc: kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org Message-ID: <CAJ5UobAF6GWUPgN11CNyZMtwBEvfrj1PXqJ5nht6NjbS=qw...@mail.gmail.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Hi, I am a kernel newbie too, Kernel memory is not pagable, because kernel itself is responsible for paging. See this discussion, http://kerneltrap.org/node/6404 Paging happens for regular processes, i.e each process memory is divided into a page of certain size(4kb in Linux), so it can swap for another page that might be needed for that particular moment, it usually replaces an page that have not been used for long time(see LRU,internal fragmentation). Kernel is a process too, just like anyother process, but it differs from others because it directly talks to the hardware and also it is the one which takes care of paging and LRU algo's. So it does not make much sense, for a kernel memory to be pageable, because, if it removes the page that contains that has the paging algorithm, then there is no way to come back, you want to retrieve a page from disk_swap_area, but you cannot, because the page that contains code to retrieve the instructions are paged :)... This is not just for paging, since kernel controls everything, it is not advisable to put its own code in swap area(see, virtual memory, virtual memory = physical memory + swap space). BTW, i am a kernel newbie too, this is my basic understanding, please feel free to correct it, if I am wrong.... On Thu, Jun 21, 2012 at 8:27 AM, Vijay Chauhan <kernel.vi...@gmail.com>wrote: > Hello, > > I am newbie. > It has been said "kernel memory is not pageable" > What does it mean? There is no concept of kernel virtual address? > > Any simple explanation will help me to udnerstand. > > Thanks, > Vijay > > _______________________________________________ > Kernelnewbies mailing list > Kernelnewbies@kernelnewbies.org > http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... 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