Linux-Misc Digest #247, Volume #26 Mon, 6 Nov 00 13:13:03 EST
Contents:
Re: A somewhat unorthodox question about Linux/NT. (Bob Tennent)
Re: Yamaha CRW8824 and Tekram 390F (Hrrunka)
Re: Installing Linux in 4Mb RAM?? (Matt Warnock)
Re: Mandrake install problems ("CSNI")
Can't enlarge top margin using apsfilter (Frank Reifenstahl)
Re: gaim on mandrake 7.1 (Ian Davey)
Re: Screen Flicker In X (Russell Marks)
Re: Glitch when reading man pages (Russell Marks)
Re: poweroff doesn't power off (Robert Lynch)
Kernel compilation problem ("Clifford W. Racz")
Re: gaim on mandrake 7.1 ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
trying to compile pcmcia module (Klaus Voelker)
Re: Time Prob (Wayne Pollock)
Re: Webalizer compilation fails (Rodney)
Re: Kernel compilation problem ("Wayne")
Re: KDE vs GNOME: specific issues (Steve Webb)
Re: Kernel compilation problem (Lac Hao Viet)
Re: LinkSys betrayed us! Poor prospects for Linux. ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Bob Tennent)
Subject: Re: A somewhat unorthodox question about Linux/NT.
Date: 6 Nov 2000 15:57:24 GMT
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Mon, 06 Nov 2000 10:27:20 -0500, Madhusudan Singh wrote:
> Is there a way to hack into NT and force it to reboot, say, half an
>hour after every logout ?
Shouldn't you be asking this on an NT list? On Linux, I would add
an "at" call to $HOME/.logout.
Bob T.
------------------------------
From: Hrrunka <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Yamaha CRW8824 and Tekram 390F
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 15:57:19 GMT
Aris Basic wrote:
> i have Tekram 390F controler
[snip]
> but i cannt bring it to work properly with Yamah8824 Drive
[snip]
> can anyone have an idea what could be wrong ?
I'm wondering whether there's something odd about that drive. I have a
CRW8824S, and I tried it with an IWILL 2935LVD interface card. Even
after twiddling the control parameters in the card's BIOS I couldn't
persuade the a100u2w driver (which is quite happy to talk to the disk
on the same interface) to do anything but hang when it tried to get
a response from the Yamaha drive... Unfortunately it hangs in a manner
that locks the entire system, so if any log information is produced, I
never get to see it...
--
Cheers,
Hrrunka
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: Matt Warnock <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Installing Linux in 4Mb RAM??
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 11:14:29 -0500
I tried installing mandrake 7.1 on a 4mb system. I got a (i belive)
"Tried_to_flush_page" error, or something, over and over. it was when
thhe root disk was loading. I don't know if the computer even runs
the CDROM. I hooked up the hd no problem, but when i connect the
cdrom as slave, it says HD controller error. THeres no setting in the
BIOS for cdrom. I installed a second IDE controller card and it
boots, but Slackware can't detect it, even w/ "Ramdisk hdb=cdrom"
parameter. Is it possible that this controller only supports one
device and the second controller, isn't found?
On Sun, 5 Nov 2000 21:15:47 -0000, "Matt Kimber"
<matt-nospam-powersoft.demon.co.uk> wrote:
>Please tell me if I am wrong, but I think older versions of Slackware (4.0?)
>used to be able to do this with certain boot parameters - I can't tell you
>for sure because I don't have a Slackware CD right now, but it might be
>worth a try if you need more packages than the mini-distributions can give
>you.
------------------------------
Reply-To: "CSNI" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
From: "CSNI" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.linux,alt.os.linux,alt.os.linux.mandrake,comp.os.linux,comp.os.linux.hardware,comp.os.linux.help,comp.os.linux.questions
Subject: Re: Mandrake install problems
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 16:20:02 GMT
ive never herd of that what segment of the bios would it be in?
"Ez-Aton" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:newscache$vxxl3g$ug6$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> Do you have the memory hole (betwin 15 and 16M) enabled in the BIOS? That
is
> the reason.
> Ez.
>
> "CSNI" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> news:xSsN5.583077$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> > I have 128M
> >
> > I also get an error when loading the second stage ram disk.
> >
> > I can get as far as partitioning the hard disk. It will either halt or
> > reboot about half way through. And at the Misc menu it says it only has
> > 127M?
> >
> >
> > "Daniel Lenski" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> > news:8u54rb$g4u$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> > > Linux sometimes has a problem detecting how much memory your computer
> > > has. This causes it to try to access RAM that isn't there! How much
> > > memory do you have?
> > >
> > > When you install 7.1, try pressing F1 at the first
> > > screen and typing in 'linux ram=???M', where ??? is the number of
> > > megabytes of RAM that you have. This has worked for me many times.
> > >
> > > > Im installing mandrake 7.1 on an Asus CUSL2 Intel 815E Atx 133
> > > > motherboard with a 733 processor. Using the Drakx install program,
> when
> > > > I reach the partition format proceedure, the system hangs or
sometimes
> > > > reboots on its own, usually at the latterportion of the hard drive.
I
> > > > also get an error saying that
> > > > "seems like memory is missing as install crashes'
> > > >
> > > > does anyone have any ideas?
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > >
> > >
> > > --
> > > Daniel Lenski
> > > [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> > >
> > > "If we couldn't laugh at things that didn't make sense,
> > > we couldn't react to a lot of the world around us."
> > > --Calvin and Hobbes
> >
> >
>
>
------------------------------
From: Frank Reifenstahl <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Can't enlarge top margin using apsfilter
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 16:17:14 GMT
Hi,
after some unsuccessful tries to enlargen the top margin when printing
PS files using apsfilter (I customized
/var/lib/apsfilter/preloads/margins.ps according to the instructions in
/usr/share/ghostscript/5.50/align.ps), I ask you what to do. The output
responds to changes made in margins.ps, but I can only belittle the top
margin.
Thanks
Frank
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Ian Davey)
Subject: Re: gaim on mandrake 7.1
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 16:34:09 GMT
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Tei <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>I'm in a bind... I've gotten sick and tired of windows for the umpteenth time,
>and decided to go back to linux (again)... I got all of the major flavors
>(redhat 7. mandrake 7.1, corel, SuSe, etc), and mandrake seems to be the
>best... however, I can't get gaim working... (aol im client)... it comes with
>the distribution, but when I load it up, it starts to connect, goes all the way
>through, then says "no configuration"... I haven't had this problem with any of
>the other vers (but with them, I had to install it myself)... any ideas how to
>fix it? Thnx
I had this same problem and wound up having to use the beta AIM client, which
worked fine. It might be worth checking to see if a newer GAIM client works
(the one in Mandrake 7.1 may not be the latest version).
ian.
\ /
(@_@) http://www.eclipse.co.uk/sweetdespise/ (dark literature)
/(&)\ http://www.eclipse.co.uk/sweetdespise/libertycaptions/ (art)
| |
------------------------------
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.x
Subject: Re: Screen Flicker In X
From: Russell Marks <russell.marks@spam^H^H^H^Hntlworld.com>
Date: 06 Nov 2000 16:34:41 +0000
Kevin Brown <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I am running RedHat 7.0 with GNOME and the SawFish window manager in
> XFree86 4.0.1. The entire screen gets little graphical errors/lines
> around everything whenever something is being redrawn. The video card
> is an onboard SiS 5597/5598 that shares main memory on a crappy PC100
> motherboard. I recently replaced the 16 meg SIMMS with a 128meg DIMM,
> and the problem got much worse. Can anyone tell me any way to fix this?
Try editing your XF86Config (probably in /etc/X11? I'm not sure where
RH put it) - there should be a section which starts off with:
Section "Device"
Identifier "SIS 5597" # or something
Driver "sis"
It may help to put this in that section:
Option "fifo_moderate"
It's difficult to tell from your description, but that seems a likely
fix. You may even need to go down to "fifo_conserv", but try moderate
first. (IIRC, the default setting is somewhere between moderate and
`aggressive'.)
Also, you could add `Option "xaa_no_color_exp"' to fix another problem
(which shows up in picture borders in the Gimp, for example), but I'm
not sure if that tweak is still supported in 4.x. (I do know the
problem was still there in 4.0, as I tried it out briefly a while
back.)
-Rus.
------------------------------
Subject: Re: Glitch when reading man pages
From: Russell Marks <russell.marks@spam^H^H^H^Hntlworld.com>
Date: 06 Nov 2000 16:34:43 +0000
[EMAIL PROTECTED] (Hal Burgiss) wrote:
> On Sat, 04 Nov 2000 19:45:34 -0600, Leonard Evens <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> wrote:
> >When I use the man command after logging into a remote computer
> >with ssh, I find my man pages have <Ad> in reveerse video at
> >the ends of some lines. (Man is being run on the remote
> >computer/) A while back someone explained what caused this
> >and how to get rid of it. Can anyone remind me?
>
> export LESSCHARDEF=.
>
> Works here. My memory is not good enough to say why. Maybe it is in the
> less man page.
It is; it seems to tell it to output all chars as-is [1], much the
same as the `-r' option. But FWIW, and since the original poster
asked, the *cause* is that the man page is being generated in Latin-1
and is using the 0xAD "SOFT HYPHEN" char for hyphenation, which is why
you usually only see it at the end of lines.
-Rus.
[1] Which is probably a Bad Thing. I think a setting of "32." would be
better, to avoid any problems with control codes (though I suppose "."
would be ok if you're only viewing man pages). An even better
alternative would be to use "export LESSCHARSET=latin1" instead, but I
wouldn't be surprised if that's not been supported as long as
LESSCHARDEF.
------------------------------
From: Robert Lynch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: poweroff doesn't power off
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 08:48:54 -0800
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
"Kilian A. Foth" wrote:
>
> Stefan Silberstein <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > "Kilian A. Foth" wrote:
>
> >> When I use poweroff (on my SuSE 7.0), I get the proper shutdown
> >> behaviour right until
> >>
> >> "The system will be halted immediately.
> >> Master Resource Control: Runlevel 0 has been reached"
> >>
> >> but no actual powering off. I vaguely recall that immediately after
> >> installation this would actually power off the system (and I know for
> >> a fact that the board can do it, since the Evil OS does it, too). What
> >> could I be overlooking here?
> >>
> >> --
> >> Pain and disappointment are inevitable. Misery is optional.
>
> > The "normal" kernel doesn´t support auto-power-down.
> > With SuSE 6.4 and 7.0 comes a kernel which supports APM.
> > Install that one or compile a kernel with the support build in.
>
> Hmmmm. Since it used to work, and I definitely didn't install a new
> kernel, the functionality must be there. How to re-enable it?
On RH7 (NOT SuSE) there seems to be a new (?) check in the init
scripts:
===
HALTARGS="-i -d"
if [ -f /poweroff -o ! -f /halt ]; then
HALTARGS="$HALTARGS -p"
fi
eval $command $HALTARGS
===
maybe you have a "/halt" file?
HTH. Bob L.
--
Robert Lynch-Berkeley CA [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: "Clifford W. Racz" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.os.linux,alt.os.linux.mandrake,alt.os.linux.redhat,comp.os.linux.setup
Subject: Kernel compilation problem
Date: Mon, 6 Nov 2000 11:41:36 -0500
I have performed a fresh install of Linux Mandrake 7.2 and it has worked
well. I am experimenting since Linux is new to me. My system is a
P2-350MHz, 128MB PC100, Soundblaster Live! card.
I have been trying to compile the 2.2.17 kernel so that I can get sound in
the Kernel (it works with the "O-negative" kernel like the kernel How-to
calls it) but it doesn't always work.
Anyway, I downloaded the kernel tar.gz source from kernel.org and followed
the directions as in the Kernel-How-To, my RedHat book (Osbourne complete
RedHat reference), the Mandrake manual, the README that comes with the
kernel source and checked out some newsgroup archives. I have tried the
compilation 6 times and I always get an "Error 2" after a long time of
compiling.
I have made sure the binutils-2.10.0.24-4mdk.i586.rpm was installed (as one
of the posts said in a newsgroup archive) and I still got the error.
Can anyone figure out a solution?
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: gaim on mandrake 7.1
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 16:51:53 GMT
Ian Davey <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Tei <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>>I'm in a bind... I've gotten sick and tired of windows for the umpteenth time,
>>and decided to go back to linux (again)... I got all of the major flavors
>>(redhat 7. mandrake 7.1, corel, SuSe, etc), and mandrake seems to be the
>>best... however, I can't get gaim working... (aol im client)... it comes with
>>the distribution, but when I load it up, it starts to connect, goes all the way
>>through, then says "no configuration"... I haven't had this problem with any of
>>the other vers (but with them, I had to install it myself)... any ideas how to
>>fix it? Thnx
> I had this same problem and wound up having to use the beta AIM client, which
> worked fine. It might be worth checking to see if a newer GAIM client works
> (the one in Mandrake 7.1 may not be the latest version).
> ian.
> \ /
> (@_@) http://www.eclipse.co.uk/sweetdespise/ (dark literature)
> /(&)\ http://www.eclipse.co.uk/sweetdespise/libertycaptions/ (art)
> | |
I'd also suggest checking to see if you have any dot files related to gaim, and
deleting them.
Adam
------------------------------
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 17:56:33 +0100
From: Klaus Voelker <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: trying to compile pcmcia module
Dear All,
I am trying to compile a device driver for my PCMCIA Ethernet card
(which is a NewMedia LiveWire 10/100). The driver came on a floppy with
the card. Following the instructions, I installed the source files for
the PCMCIA module (I am running RedHat 7.0, so I had to install
kernel-source-2.2.16-22.i386.rpm, which contains the source for
kernel-pcmcia-cs-2.2.16-22), changed some variables in the makefile to
my kernel version and the pcmcia source (to
/usr/src/linux/pcmcia-cs-3.1.19), and typed 'make' ...
Here is what I get:
===================================================
[root@localhost]# make
gcc -DMODULE -DMODULEVERSIONS -D__KERNEL__ -DKINGMAX -DKINGMAX_KEN0100A
-c -06 -I/usr/src/linux -I/usr/src/linux/drivers/net
-I/usr/src/linux/pcmcia-cs-3.1.19/include -I. -o pcnet-cs.o pcnet-cs.c
In file included from pcnet-cs.c:34:
/usr/include/linux/modversions.h:1:2: #error Modules should never use
kernel-headers system headers
/usr/include/linux/modversions.h:1:2: #error but headers from an
appropriate kernel source
In file included from
/usr/src/linux/pcmcia-cs-3.1.19/include/pcmcia/k_compat.h:87,
from pcnet-cs.c:50:
/usr/include/linux/modversions.h:1:2: #error Modules should never use
kernel-headers system headers
/usr/include/linux/modversions.h:1:2: #error but headers from an
appropriate kernel source
make: *** [pcnet_cs.o] Error 1
===================================================
What am I doing wrong? How can I make things right? Any help would be
very much appreciated! Or maybe someone can direct me to a more specific
newsgroup...
TIA
Klaus
NB: my compiler is gcc-2.96-54
------------------------------
From: Wayne Pollock <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Time Prob
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 11:57:58 -0500
Jean-David Beyer wrote:
> ...
> I think using time standards on the Internet is NOT THE SOLUTION for people
> whose hardware clocks are set wrong, whose timezones are messed up, or whose
> /etc/adjtime file is messed up. They should fix those problems first. Otherwise
> they are just putting a band-aid on a ruptured appendix.
Agreed, but where is this documented? Aparently not in the man
pages. Is there a how-to for localtime, zoneinfo, TZ, and/or adjtime?
-Wayne Pollock
------------------------------
From: Rodney <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Webalizer compilation fails
Date: Mon, 6 Nov 2000 08:57:55 -0800
Not SURE, but it looks like you don'e have gd installed or not the right
version. I think Webalizer has a link.
On Sun, 5 Nov 2000, Martin Plücker wrote:
> Date: Sun, 5 Nov 2000 10:31:36 +0100
> From: Martin Plücker <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> Newsgroups: comp.os.linux.misc
> Subject: Webalizer compilation fails
>
> Hi!
>
> I want to compile webalizer with the german language file on an Red Hat 6.2
> Server. But make fails with the following output:
>
> gcc -L/usr/lib -o webalizer webalizer.o hashtab.o linklist.o preserve.o
> parser.o output.o dns_resolv.o graphs.o -lgd -lpng -lz -lm
> graphs.o: In function `year_graph6x':
> graphs.o(.text+0xd1f): undefined reference to `gdImagePng'
> graphs.o: In function `month_graph6':
> graphs.o(.text+0x1a23): undefined reference to `gdImagePng'
> graphs.o: In function `day_graph3':
> graphs.o(.text+0x2020): undefined reference to `gdImagePng'
> graphs.o: In function `pie_chart':
> graphs.o(.text+0x25ad): undefined reference to `gdImagePng'
> collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
> make: *** [webalizer] Error 1
>
> I'm an Linux-newbie and would be happy if you could tem me, what that means
> and how I can solve the problem.
>
> Thanks
> Martin
>
>
>
\|||/
(. .)
---oOoo------------------------------------------
RAM Technical
Rodney Mosley
Systems Administration
E-Mail:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
http://www.ramnic.com
========================================================================
Check out http://www.setfree.org It can change your life.
========================================================================
------------------------------
From: "Wayne" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
alt.os.linux,alt.os.linux.mandrake,alt.os.linux.redhat,comp.os.linux.setup
Subject: Re: Kernel compilation problem
Date: Mon, 6 Nov 2000 17:26:42 -0000
Isn't 2.2.17 an "insecure" version of the kernel? Maybe that's it, try going
for the stable 2.2.16 instead.
"Clifford W. Racz" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:8u6n92$dvm$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> I have performed a fresh install of Linux Mandrake 7.2 and it has worked
> well. I am experimenting since Linux is new to me. My system is a
> P2-350MHz, 128MB PC100, Soundblaster Live! card.
>
> I have been trying to compile the 2.2.17 kernel so that I can get sound in
> the Kernel (it works with the "O-negative" kernel like the kernel How-to
> calls it) but it doesn't always work.
>
> Anyway, I downloaded the kernel tar.gz source from kernel.org and followed
> the directions as in the Kernel-How-To, my RedHat book (Osbourne complete
> RedHat reference), the Mandrake manual, the README that comes with the
> kernel source and checked out some newsgroup archives. I have tried the
> compilation 6 times and I always get an "Error 2" after a long time of
> compiling.
>
> I have made sure the binutils-2.10.0.24-4mdk.i586.rpm was installed (as
one
> of the posts said in a newsgroup archive) and I still got the error.
>
> Can anyone figure out a solution?
>
>
------------------------------
From: Steve Webb <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To:
comp.os.linux.advocacy,linux.redhat,alt.os.linux,comp.unix.solaris,alt.os.linux.mandrake
Subject: Re: KDE vs GNOME: specific issues
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 17:25:57 +0000
Jeff Jeffries wrote:
>
> I need to choose either GNOME or KDE. I will be doing computationally
> intensive C++, with very heavy disk I/O. Results will be displayed in 3D
> preferrably with OpenGL.
>
> 1. Are GNOME and KDE C++ and/or object oriented? How will this affect
> developing with C++?
>
> 2. I know GNOME has gtkglarea; does KDE?
>
> 3. What else should a C++ developer know?
>
> Thanks!
Should not make much of a difference whichever you us. I used KDE for a
while but have now moved to GNOME (Helix edition). I personally think
GNOME is better but it's mostly personal taste. Certainly I think the
might of the industry is moving behind GNOME so it may be the better
long term bet.
------------------------------
From: Lac Hao Viet <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: alt.os.linux,alt.os.linux.mandrake,alt.os.linux.redhat
Subject: Re: Kernel compilation problem
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 17:21:44 GMT
can you post the error messages?
In article <8u6n92$dvm$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
"Clifford W. Racz" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I have performed a fresh install of Linux Mandrake 7.2 and it has
worked
> well. I am experimenting since Linux is new to me. My system is a
> P2-350MHz, 128MB PC100, Soundblaster Live! card.
>
> I have been trying to compile the 2.2.17 kernel so that I can get
sound in
> the Kernel (it works with the "O-negative" kernel like the kernel
How-to
> calls it) but it doesn't always work.
>
> Anyway, I downloaded the kernel tar.gz source from kernel.org and
followed
> the directions as in the Kernel-How-To, my RedHat book (Osbourne
complete
> RedHat reference), the Mandrake manual, the README that comes with the
> kernel source and checked out some newsgroup archives. I have tried
the
> compilation 6 times and I always get an "Error 2" after a long time of
> compiling.
>
> I have made sure the binutils-2.10.0.24-4mdk.i586.rpm was installed
(as one
> of the posts said in a newsgroup archive) and I still got the error.
>
> Can anyone figure out a solution?
>
>
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: LinkSys betrayed us! Poor prospects for Linux.
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.hardware,comp.os.linux.networking
Date: Mon, 06 Nov 2000 17:42:55 GMT
In comp.os.linux.hardware [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
: What's the server and Linux version we're talking a bout here?
LNE100TX Rev 4.1 worked just fine on RH6.2, Mandrake7.1 and
RH7.0. Furthermore, I forget the model number, but the PCMCIA equivalent
to that card works under RH6.2. I had problems with it until I did a
quick web search, found the scyld.com site like everyone else suggests,
and followed the instructions (I believe there was a few minor
modifications - I posted a message to some linux group entitled something
along the lines of "LNE100TX success" which describes it) and it worked
just fine.
Basically, if the original poster wants to claim that Windows2K is nice &
easy to install and Linux is some sort of archaic beast, he *is* a retard.
--
Jeff Gentry [EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED]
"You're one of those condescending UNIX users! ...."
"Here's a nickel kid ... get yourself a real computer."
------------------------------
** FOR YOUR REFERENCE **
The service address, to which questions about the list itself and requests
to be added to or deleted from it should be directed, is:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
You can send mail to the entire list (and comp.os.linux.misc) via:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Linux may be obtained via one of these FTP sites:
ftp.funet.fi pub/Linux
tsx-11.mit.edu pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu pub/Linux
End of Linux-Misc Digest
******************************