I'm not sure about the Russia thing, of course, but if I had to hazard a guess it was at least partly decided just on the fact that Russia is "too darn big", and it would be easiest to handle it by splitting it between Russia proper and Siberia. That way the AEU still gets a sizeable chunk of territory, and doesn't have a huge extension sticking out just north of the HRL.
But I have to admit it's more fun to look for real-world connections.
I suspect that Japan's debated militarization (which includes things such as debate over whether or not the Japanese can tie into a US missile defense system, or would need to use one that's exclusively their own) is missing for one or both of two possible reasons. The first is bias on the part of the writers. Part of the reason that there is actually a debate on the Japanese militarization is because there are people opposed to it, and it's possible that whomever designed Japan in the setting prefers that Japan does not increase its military footprint. The second is that the setting assumes an arrangement between Japan and the US very similar to the one that exists today. Ever since MacArthur wrote the Japanese constitution (wondering - is there any other instance in which a victorious foreign power has allowed the losing power to remain a sovereign nation but blatantly rewritten its constitution without even pretending that it was done by natives! ?), it's been understood that the US would help provide military support for Japan. The current situation in Gundam 00 appears to be that setup taken to extremes, with the Union (which is presumeably much more powerful than the US alone) now providing the military aid.
The lack of ethnic Indians that you noted in the HRL is also rather odd. Given India's current status and population, you'd expect that it would have a strong presence. But so far the HRL names have all seemed to be either Russian or Chinese, and every member that we've seen has been fair-skinned (the only dark-skinned individual that I recall seeing anywhere so far is one of the members of Graham's unit). Environment - they got their panacea in the form of solar power and trade restrictions on fossil fuels, so I'm guessing that the writers are ignoring environmental issues.
WMD - In reality, they're pretty hard to smuggle in and use properly. Since none of the super-powers are weak (unlike Russia immediately following the post-Soviet collapse), I'm guessing that there's been pretty good control of the nuclear weapons stockpiles. Assuming that the Iranians and other Middle Eastern states never got the bomb, then it's quite possible that the only nation outside the three super powers with nuclear weapons would be Israel (South Africa did have them at one point, but voluntarily got rid of them - the only nation to do so to date). So nuclear weapons are out. Both bioweapons and chemical weapons are apparently difficult to transport and deploy properly. In most cases a good old conventional bomb is the weapon of choice for terrorists.
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