Dear Mark,

thank you very much for your hints. Every issue has now been sorted out and 
settled.

The problem was mainly caused by the long MX record TTL: 
I fixed the issue on the new(!) server successfully, but the mail was sent to 
the _unfixed_ old server due to the very high TTL time of the MX record!

Thus I was testing by mailing to the unfixed server for some hours, stupid, but 
true.

Happy end: I backported your suggested database fix to the old server and found 
that the utf8mb4 option was missing there - other than I said. I was really 
puzzled due to the MX time-to-lease issue and I *deeply* apologize for bringing 
some trouble here to the mailing list.

Hint for people who might have the same problem:

1. This is good to have in /etc/mailman3/settings.py:

'OPTIONS': {
'charset': 'utf8mb4',
'init_command': "SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES'",
}

and 

2. The database fix is this one, please take note that the *longtext* verb is 
needed to make the command working on Server version: 
10.11.14-MariaDB-0+deb12u2 Debian 12


ALTER TABLE hyperkitty_email DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4,  MODIFY subject 
varchar(512) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci, MODIFY content 
longtext CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
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