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More context to reinforce Jim's correct points: Hessen stressed the impact of English military developments on Newton, specifically the need of the military for a science and math which could solve such problems as weapon trajectories. (This point was later taken up by Robert K. Merton, who knew of the conference and "borrowed" Hessen's theme.) Naturally the bourgeoisie couldn't give a flying fuck what Newton or his colleagues believed in their personal time, as long as they kept churning out extremely useful theoretical tools for the above needs, as well as for corresponding civilian applications. Meanwhile today we have something of a reverse result of the connection between scientists' personal beliefs and their scientific theories. Richard Dawkins' reactionary obsession with the micro/genetic level "explanation" of biological evolution (which Niles Eldredge has effectively demolished for denying events at species and above levels), fits perfectly with his equally-mechanical and narrow social beliefs, i.e. his perversion of atheism, transforming it from a liberating philosophy into a racist, Islamophobic mania. _________________________________________________________ Full posting guidelines at: http://www.marxmail.org/sub.htm Set your options at: http://lists.csbs.utah.edu/options/marxism/archive%40mail-archive.com