>
> They use class substitution (i.e., [. ].) instead of set substitution 
> (i.e., [ ]). My understanding is that class substitution is the one that 
> should be used in "higher-level" proof, with set substitution just being 
> used in turn to properly support class substitution. The "end-user" 
> theorems are probably easier to find for class substitution


My limited experience confirms this: sbc* theorems get more used than their 
sb* counterparts outside of FOL.
 

> (although, of course, in the end what you are going to substitute is a set 
> anyway, 
> but not necessarily a set variable).


I would rather think of it as: "In the end, what you are going to 
substitute is generally a term, not a variable"... which confirms that sbc* 
theorems are more useful than sb* theorems.
 

> > Is using those theorems the best way to do substitution? Seems like 
> > there can be a lot of steps for something you would normally do in a 
> > single step in an informal proof. 
>
> I guess this is one of the prices you pay for having formal proofs (and 
> for having such a low level language like Metamath)


I think that it is often possible to avoid "[ / ]-substitutions" (are they 
the ones called "implicit substitutions"?) by modifying your proof a bit, 
and use "explicit substitution" instead (typically with steps like "x = A 
-> ( ph <-> ps )").  It would be interesting that someone with more 
practice confirms/infirms this.
 
Benoit

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