I would argue that the pulser pump http://members.tripod.com/~nxtwave/gaiatech/pulser/index.htm and http://www.animatedsoftware.com./elearning/All%20About%20Pumps/ glossary/aap_glossary.html is more reliable and cheaper to operate. It has no moving parts and I bet you could make one from bamboo or hollow wood if you wanted. (I am not pretending that it is as energy efficient as a ram). BUT there are lots of situations round the world where 5 to 500 liters of water falls a couple of feet and people want to pump water 10 or 20 feet higher. In such a situation, the capital cost of a pulser pump might be lower than the capital cost of a ram (and I dont think a ram can manage a 2 ft fall anyway). Brian White
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