From: Mark Rutland <mark.rutl...@arm.com>
Document the rationale and usage of the new nospec*() helpers.
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutl...@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.dea...@arm.com>
Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.willi...@intel.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <cor...@lwn.net>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <pet...@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.willi...@intel.com>
---
Documentation/speculation.txt | 166 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 166 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/speculation.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/speculation.txt b/Documentation/speculation.txt
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+This document explains potential effects of speculation, and how undesirable
+effects can be mitigated portably using common APIs.
+
+===========
+Speculation
+===========
+
+To improve performance and minimize average latencies, many contemporary CPUs
+employ speculative execution techniques such as branch prediction, performing
+work which may be discarded at a later stage.
+
+Typically speculative execution cannot be observed from architectural state,
+such as the contents of registers. However, in some cases it is possible to
+observe its impact on microarchitectural state, such as the presence or
+absence of data in caches. Such state may form side-channels which can be
+observed to extract secret information.
+
+For example, in the presence of branch prediction, it is possible for bounds
+checks to be ignored by code which is speculatively executed. Consider the
+following code:
+
+ int load_array(int *array, unsigned int idx) {
+ if (idx >= MAX_ARRAY_ELEMS)
+ return 0;
+ else
+ return array[idx];
+ }
+
+Which, on arm64, may be compiled to an assembly sequence such as:
+
+ CMP <idx>, #MAX_ARRAY_ELEMS
+ B.LT less
+ MOV <returnval>, #0
+ RET
+ less:
+ LDR <returnval>, [<array>, <idx>]
+ RET
+
+It is possible that a CPU mis-predicts the conditional branch, and
+speculatively loads array[idx], even if idx >= MAX_ARRAY_ELEMS. This value
+will subsequently be discarded, but the speculated load may affect
+microarchitectural state which can be subsequently measured.
+
+More complex sequences involving multiple dependent memory accesses may result
+in sensitive information being leaked. Consider the following code, building on
+the prior example:
+
+ int load_dependent_arrays(int *arr1, int *arr2, int idx) {
+ int val1, val2,
+
+ val1 = load_array(arr1, idx);
+ val2 = load_array(arr2, val1);
+
+ return val2;
+ }
+
+Under speculation, the first call to load_array() may return the value of an
+out-of-bounds address, while the second call will influence microarchitectural
+state dependent on this value. This may provide an arbitrary read primitive.
+
+====================================
+Mitigating speculation side-channels
+====================================
+
+The kernel provides a generic API to ensure that bounds checks are respected
+even under speculation. Architectures which are affected by speculation-based
+side-channels are expected to implement these primitives.
+
+The following helpers found in <asm/barrier.h> can be used to prevent
+information from being leaked via side-channels.
+
+* nospec_ptr(ptr, lo, hi)
+
+ Returns a sanitized pointer that is bounded by the [lo, hi) interval. When
+ ptr < lo, or ptr >= hi, NULL is returned. Prevents an out-of-bounds pointer
+ being propagated to code which is speculatively executed.
+
+ This is expected to be used by code which computes pointers to data
+ structures, where part of the address (such as an array index) may be
+ user-controlled.
+
+ This can be used to protect the earlier load_array() example:
+
+ int load_array(int *array, unsigned int idx)
+ {
+ int *elem;
+
+ if ((elem = nospec_ptr(array + idx, array, array + MAX_ARRAY_ELEMS)))
+ return *elem;
+ else
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ This can also be used in situations where multiple fields on a structure are
+ accessed:
+
+ struct foo array[SIZE];
+ int a, b;
+
+ void do_thing(int idx)
+ {
+ struct foo *elem;
+
+ if ((elem = nospec_ptr(array + idx, array, array + SIZE)) {
+ a = elem->field_a;
+ b = elem->field_b;
+ }
+ }
+
+ It is imperative that the returned pointer is used. Pointers which are
+ generated separately are subject to a number of potential CPU and compiler
+ optimizations, and may still be used speculatively. For example, this means
+ that the following sequence is unsafe:
+
+ struct foo array[SIZE];
+ int a, b;
+
+ void do_thing(int idx)
+ {
+ if (nospec_ptr(array + idx, array, array + SIZE) != NULL) {
+ // unsafe as wrong pointer is used
+ a = array[idx].field_a;
+ b = array[idx].field_b;
+ }
+ }
+
+ Similarly, it is unsafe to compare the returned pointer with other pointers,
+ as this may permit the compiler to substitute one pointer with another,
+ permitting speculation. For example, the following sequence is unsafe:
+
+ struct foo array[SIZE];
+ int a, b;
+
+ void do_thing(int idx)
+ {
+ struct foo *elem = nospec_ptr(array + idx, array, array + size);
+
+ // unsafe due to pointer substitution
+ if (elem == &array[idx]) {
+ a = elem->field_a;
+ b = elem->field_b;
+ }
+ }
+
+* nospec_array_ptr(arr, idx, sz)
+
+ Returns a sanitized pointer to arr[idx] only if idx falls in the [0, sz)
+ interval. When idx < 0 or idx > sz, NULL is returned. Prevents an
+ out-of-bounds pointer being propagated to code which is speculatively
+ executed.
+
+ This is a convenience function which wraps nospec_ptr(), and has the same
+ caveats w.r.t. the use of the returned pointer.
+
+ For example, this may be used as follows:
+
+ int load_array(int *array, unsigned int idx)
+ {
+ int *elem;
+
+ if ((elem = nospec_array_ptr(array, idx, MAX_ARRAY_ELEMS)))
+ return *elem;
+ else
+ return 0;
+ }
+
