dear nettimers, Armin,
Seeing the exploration of mid-1990s network culture and the revisiting of the
"Digital City / Cities" meme just posted by Armin stirred me to dig up an
interview, conducted via e-mail with Howard Rheingold at the time (late 1994)
for a theme issue of SCAN Magazine in Groningen on 'Community Networking'. The
issue also contained interviews with Marleen Stikker then the unofficial
'mayor' of the Digital City Amsterdam (unfortunately only available in Dutch),
and Amy Bruckman of MIT Media Moo.
As none of this is on-line and more as a historical curiosity, below the
interview, which prompted a physical meeting of Rheingold with activists
involved in the Digital City Amsterdam a couple of months later.
Hope this is still of interest to some net.historians / .genealogists /
.archaeologists.
bests,
Eric
-----------------
Howard Rheingold - Networking the Community
(e- interviewed by Eric Kluitenberg for Scan Magazine '93 - "Community
Networking")
In 1993 Howard Rheingold wrote a remarkable book called The Virtual Community.
In this book he gives what might best be called a personal account of the
expanding culture of people communicating via computer networks. I asked him
some questions about the relationship between virtual and traditional
communities, most appropriately: via e-mail.
Howard Rheingold has been publishing books and articles on computer culture for
many years. He is the multimedia columnist for Publish magazine and editor of
Whole Earth Review. He has also been a consultant to the US office of
Technology Assessment, and recently he took charge of Planet Wired a network
project that will document the digital revolution with local examples, made
accessible via the Net to a world-wide audience.
More than merely informative, his book The Virtual Community is above
all a highly personal account of the way in which people are using computer
networks as communication devices, or rather how they are engaging in Computer
Mediated Communication (CMC), the term Rheingold prefers. Rheingold maintains
that Computer Mediated Communication creates a new sense of community; people
from around the world are linked together in public discussions, people who
exchange ideas and messages, share interests and work together, outside of the
constraints of geographical space and across social barriers.
In his book he provides us with a somewhat formal definition of virtual
communities, which he describes as "social aggregations that emerge from the
Net when enough people carry on those public discussions long enough, with
sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in
cyberspace". Rheingold has himself been actively involved in one of the early
network communities in the US, The Well, based in San Francisco.
Using networking technologies within the context of traditional geographic
communities produces Community Networks. I began by asking Rheingold to explain
his understanding of this phenomenon.
Rheingold: "People who use computer networking, conferencing and e-mail as
tools to help revitalize traditional geographic communities, are engaged in
community networking. The use of computer mediated communication is a tool for
the larger end of bringing together citizens, government, business, and local
cultural institutions for the offline goal of building a stronger community. I
have visited people who are starting up such communities in Eugene, Oregon,
Boulder and Fort Collins Colorado, Oita, Japan, and they seem to have the
common characteristic of optimism in the future of community, and the
importance of using the best tools available.
There are hundreds of such efforts. The mailing list Communet is a very
active forum for people all around the world to discuss such efforts."
EK: The emergence and popularity of community networks may without doubt be
considered a striking phenomenon. To what extent would you consider it a
reflection of the break-down of traditional social structures ?
Rheingold: "We used to have places to gather informally -- the town square, the
cafe, the beer garden -- and the time to make the kind of 'small talk' that
leads to community. Modern life, suburbs, skyscrapers, malls, fast-food
outlets, long commutes on trains and in automobiles, are changing that. As we
lost those places and that time in America, a hunger for community developed,
and that hunger is one of the reasons virtual communities are so popular."
EK: Could this popularity of virtual communities in the US also be regarded as
a reflection of the increasing problems in the US society at large, especially
in the larger urban areas ?
"I agree. 'Reflection' is a good word. Elevators made it possible for 50.000
people to work in the Empire State Building on a single day. How is community
possible in concrete hives ? Automobiles made possible a rootless society where
the town hall is a skyscraper, the malt shop is a mall, and the town square is
a fast food joint. It isn't just America, of course. Kyoto and Cambridge are
suffering from the same effects of multiple technologies that have taken
decades to interact. Yes, there is a hunger for community that might have been
better served by earlier institutions that have changed, died, transformed over
the past decades; perhaps America is the alembic where the combination of
population and technology gives rise to new social forms, but I know from my
own observations that people in Japan and the UK have formed virtual
communities similar to the ones I have observed in the US."
EK: At the second Doors of Perception conference John Perry Barlow argued
strongly against the assumption that the interest in networking technology
reflects the growing tension and insecurity in the US society at large.
According to him the American society has not become more insecure in the last
few years, crime rates are actually dropping rather than rising. However, it
appears that as the social system in the US is grossly insufficient many social
problems move out onto the street. Especially the closure of public
institutions for the mentally ill and ethnic violence appear to be contributing
to the felt insecurity about the public space.
Rheingold:"Felt insecurity about the public space is a good phrase. Barlow
might be right, that there is actually less violence than is popularly
believed. But if popular beliefs are the battlegrounds for peoples minds, then
indeed the feeling of insecurity is all that is necessary to render public
space less useful. There are many forces, not the least of which is the
'commodification of the public sphere' by broadcast television, that have led
to this feeling among many people. NOT among all people. There are still
healthy and viable communities all over America, just as you can find huge
festering patches of social rot. Talking in generalities about what is
happening in America always skirts the danger of platitude, because this is a
place in particular where many different things are happening at once.
There are many many communities. Virtual communities are indeed intriguing,
very intriguing, of harbingers of what might be coming, but they aren't the
only exiting communitarian movements happening in America or elsewhere.
EK: Do virtual communities offer a viable alternative to the traditional public
space ?
Rheingold: "I believe they can help revitalize public space, make it more
easily accessible, less easily manipulable, but that is not all the same thing
as being an alternative in the sense of pretending to replace public space of
the three-dimensional kind."
EK: You have written quite extensively in The Virtual Community about how
networking technology might help to reduce the gap between citizens and
government (exemplified with The White House going on-line under the Clinton
Administration), enabling both to enter into a more extensive discussion about
policy issues. Could this also work in a more local context, for instance at
the level of individual municipalities ?
Rheingold: "Recently I've been meeting the people who are making the Freenets
and other community networks possible. There must be several hundred different
experiments underway. Ask me again in two years and we'll see what progress
these experiments have made. The very fact that the citizens of Fort Collins
are taking up the experiment means that this is indeed a populist grassroots
movement. Whether these small bands of activists can enlist a critical mass of
community support -- politically, economically, and culturally -- remains to be
seen."
EK: The French theorist Paul Virilio has defended the thesis that the
technologization of defence has lead to an instrumentalization of perception
that has accelerated the process of action and re-action in combat situations
to a point where they take place in a time-frame that is inaccessible to human
perception.
Is there a threat that information technology will accelerate the
political and social debates in a similar way, where action and reaction to
events have to take place in a time-frame that leaves no room for democratic
reflection ?
Rheingold: "Yes. I have a very specific idea of how new communication
technologies can help revitalize democratic institutions - by giving ordinary
citizens the means of talking directly with one another, without the mediation
of the mass-media - but I fear that many misinterpret the idea of "electronic
democracy" as meaning a combination of televised town-hall meetings and voting
by telephone. This is not democracy, but is closer to the dangerous kind of
plebiscite that Hitler used so well. There is a reason for electing
representatives, deliberating on issues. Cutting down the time in that feedback
loop could be disastrous."
EK: With CNN we already see these things happening, where political leaders are
pressed to take a position on political developments almost immediately as they
unfold.
The events around the Gulf War and its real-time coverage by global
media have lead Virilio to muse that they pose a threat to democracy, since
democracy pre-supposes reflection and sharing of powers. Democracy in
real-time, he says, is impossible.
Rheingold: "I agree strongly. Virtual communities are best as ways for people
to debate and discuss, not as ways to make instant decisions."
EK: Is this technology bringing civilians and their governments closer
together, or is there rather the danger that as local and national government
become accessible through new communication technologies, decision makers will
become increasingly pressured by the public opinion, and will try to shut
themselves off from these channels ? Will the actual policy and decision making
process then be concealed even further from the public sphere?
Rheingold: "Again, the point is not so much communicating with high-ranking
decision makers, although there is some potential in that, but for citizens to
have a new way to communicate, debate, and organize with other citizens.
These words were written two hundred years ago by James Madison: "A
popular government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it,
is but a prelude to a farce or tragedy, or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever
govern ignorance, and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm
themselves with the power which knowledge gives."
EK: As these new communications technologies are global in their reach, do you
think they will enhance a globalization of culture, or would you rather expect
them to strengthen the ties with and awareness of the local surroundings. Which
direction would you, personally, consider more desirable ?
Rheingold: "Both directions. If the global monoculture looks like a parking
lot, tastes like McDonalds, and sounds like elevator music, we're gong to be
sorry we paved over the temple grounds, forgot how to cook the old foods,
neglected our indigenous cultures in favor of a shiny, chrome-and-formica
version. We need to resist the MTV-ization of all cultures everywhere, and
desktop video, desktop audio, homebrew BBSs, Fidonets, etcetera, can help
people create their own culture and broadcast it to like minded souls, instead
of remaining the passive consumers of the culture that is sold to them via the
mass media."
Howard Rheingold, "The Virtual Community - Homestedaing on the Electronic
Frontier", Addison-Wesley, Reading (Mass.), 1993, p.5.
Source:
This conversation was conducted by e-mail for SCAN Magazine '94, published by
SCAN, expertise centre for computer graphics, animation & multimedia,
Groningen, December 1994.
On Dec 2, 2010, at 20:48, Armin Medosch wrote:
> nettimers,
>
> once the net was supposed to have a time of its own and people living
> 'on' it were thought to be faster than the rest of the world. those were
> also the days of the digital city debate which was led from various
> angles. Clemens Apprich has devoted a substantial inquiry into this
> topic as a part of his PhD in Berlin with Joseph Vogl. A small excerpt
> of his research has been given as a paper at the 'network and
> sustainability' track of the 'textiles' conference in Riga in June this
> year. The paper, whose real title is Reading the Digital City (I
> happened to add the 're' in front for the subject line) will also appear
> in a special edition of the Arts and Communications Journal edited by
> RIXC. Clemens has also worked with Public Netbase when it still existed
> as a place and continues to work with Worldinformation.org and I assume
> netbase will form an important part of his overall thesis (yet not in
> this paper presented here).
<...>
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