Quoted from Wiki
Types of stainless steel
There are different types of stainless steels: when nickel is added, for
instance, the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This crystal structure
makes such steels non-magnetic and less brittle at low temperatures. For higher
hardness and strength, carbon is added. When subjected to adequate heat
treatment these steels are used as razor blades, cutlery, tools etc.
Significant quantities of manganese
have been used in many stainless steel compositions. Manganese
preserves an austenitic structure in the steel as does nickel, but at a
lower cost.
Stainless steels are also classified by their crystalline structure:
Austenitic,
or 300 series, stainless steels comprise over 70% of total stainless
steel production. They contain a maximum of 0.15% carbon, a minimum of
16% chromium and sufficient nickel and/or manganese to retain an
austenitic structure at all temperatures from the cryogenic region to the
melting point of the alloy. A typical composition of 18% chromium and 10%
nickel, commonly known as 18/10 stainless is often used in flatware. Similarly
18/0 and 18/8 is also available. Superaustenitic stainless steels, such as
alloy AL-6XN
and 254SMO, exhibit great resistance to chloride pitting and crevice
corrosion due to high Molybdenum contents (>6%) and nitrogen
additions and the higher nickel content ensures better resistance to
stress-corrosion cracking over the 300 series. The higher alloy content
of "Superaustenitic" steels means they are fearsomely expensive and
similar performance can usually be achieved using duplex steels at much
lower cost.
Ferritic
stainless steels are highly corrosion resistant, but less durable than
austenitic grades. They contain between 10.5% and 27% chromium and very
little nickel, if any. Most compositions include molybdenum; some, aluminium or
titanium. Common ferritic grades include 18Cr-2Mo, 26Cr-1Mo, 29Cr-4Mo, and
29Cr-4Mo-2Ni.
Martensitic stainless steels are not as corrosion resistant as the other two
classes, but are extremely strong and tough as well as highly machineable, and
can be hardened by heat treatment. Martensitic stainless steel contains
chromium (12-14%), molybdenum (0.2-1%), zero to less than 2% nickel, and about
0.1-1% carbon
(giving it more hardness but making the material a bit more brittle).
It is quenched and magnetic. It is also known as "series-00" steel.
Precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steels have corrosion resistance
comparable to austenitic varieties, but can be precipitation hardened
to even higher strengths than the other martensitic grades. The most
common, 17-4PH, uses about 17% chromium and 4% nickel. There is a
rising trend in defence budgets to opt for an ultra-high-strength
stainless steel if possible in new projects as it is estimated that 2%
of the US GDP is spent dealing with corrosion. The Lockheed-Martin JSF
is the first aircraft to use a precipitation hardenable stainless steel
- Carpenter Custom 465 - in its airframe.
Duplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite
and ferrite, the aim being to produce a 50:50 mix although in
commercial alloys the mix may be 40:60 respectively. Duplex steel have
improved strength over austenitic stainless steels and also improved
resistance to localised corrosion particularly pitting, crevice
corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. They are characterised by high
chromium (19-28%) and molybdenum (up to 5%) and lower nickel contents
than austenitic stainless steels.
[edit]
----- Original Message ----
From: redyherinantoalb <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: saham@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Friday, February 9, 2007 9:32:46 AM
Subject: [saham] Re: Bloomberg : Demand on tins rises 9%
Sekedar menambahkan pak, kalo demmand betul2 di sektor riil, apa
bisa perusahaan pengolah (misalnya pabrik baja untuk kasus Nickel)
tetap berproduksi dengan kenaikan raw material yang begitu besar....
di industri apapun, kenaikan harga raw material akan membuat
sebagian pelaku gulung tikar, dan demand otomatis turun.... di end
user, katakanlah China, akan bikin proyek dengan anggaran x, dengan
kenaikan baja anggaran membengkak said 40=50%.... pasti banyak yang
menunda proyek nya....
Untuk Timah, industri elektronik semakin sedikit menggunakan timah
solder, karena sekarang semua udah di bikin sedemikian kecil dan
ringkas dalam bentuk chip, untuk kemasan makanan kaleng juga udah
turun banyak karena banyaknya bahan subtitisi... (di rak2
supermarket, makanan kaleng semakin sedikit aja ya..)
Tapi kalo gajah maunya naik, kita semut mah ngikut aja deh... :)
CMIIW, just sharing....
Redy
--- In [EMAIL PROTECTED] com, "Halim Mintareja" <[EMAIL PROTECTED] > wrote:
>
> Sekedar sharing...
>
> belajar dari apa yang sudah terjadi di Gold dan Oil pada 3 tahun
terakhir
> ini
>
> Akhir-akhir ini susah sekali menentukan supply dan demand dari
suatu
> komoditas. Banyak analis yang mengatakan demand akan tinggi karena
> permintaan dari sektor a,b,c etc.. Begitu pula yang berlaku
sebaliknya.. .
> Itu yang dianalisa oleh mereka dan disajikan untuk public.
>
> Apa yang sebenarnya terjadi adalah..
>
> Demand.
> - Untuk kebutuhan yang sebenarnya.
> - Untuk persediaan.
> - Untuk hedge fund.
>
> Supply.
> - Supply dari produsen.
> - Supply dari penjualan persediaan.
> - Supply dari penjualan hedge fund.
>
> Coba lihat yang terjadi di Oil... waktu oil rally dari 40-an ke 70-
an..
> banyak sekali tanker yang cuman diparkir di tengah laut dengan
muatan penuh.
> Hal ini terjadi karena harga future oil > dari spot oil. Jadi
beberapa hedge
> fund cuman beli di harga spot dan jual harga future.
>
> menurut saya pribadi.. hal ini juga yang sedang terjadi di
komoditas. Waktu
> harga rally naik.. para hegde fund cuman beli lalu disimpan di
gudang...
> jadi walaupun stock menurun .. tetapi "riil stock" tetap terjaga..
cuman di
> gudang dari hegde fund yang sewaktu-waktu bisa dimuntahkan ketika
harga
> sudah tidak naik lagi. Hal ini sudah terjadi di oil 2007 .. copper
2007..
> gold 2006.. next ??
>
> So.. just be carefull. Saya sendiri sudah menghidarkan diri dari
saham
> komoditas.. alasannya.. terlalu time consuming.. karena selain
memperhatikan
> kinerja perusahaan.. juga harus memperhatikan harga komoditas.
>
> Halim
>
> On 2/9/07, Teddy Halim <teddy.halim@ ...> wrote:
> >
> > <http://www.bloomber g.com/>
> >
> >
> > Tin Use Rises 9% on Solder Demand, Researcher Says (Update2)
> >
> > By Brett Foley
> >
> > Feb. 8 (Bloomberg) -- Tin consumption expanded 9 percent in 2006
on higher
> > usage of the metal in electronic solder, tin research
organization ITRI Ltd.
> > said.
> >
> > Demand was 360,000 metric tons last year, from 330,300 tons in
2005, St.
> > Albans, U.K.-based ITRI said in a report today. Electronics
manufacturers
> > have increased the tin component of solder to substitute for
lead, a
> > poisonous metal, it said.
> >
> > ``The increasing importance of the solder business reflects both
the
> > strong growth of the Asian electronics sector and the successful
> > implementation of lead-free technology,' ' said Peter Kettle,
ITRI's manager
> > for statistics and market studies.
> >
> > Tin climbed to the highest in at least 18 years on Jan 24.
Demand from
> > electronic manufacturers has gained while supply has been
disrupted in
> > Indonesia, the world's second-largest producer of the metal,
after the
> > nation tightened export regulations.
> >
> > Tin for delivery in three months on the London Metal Exchange
rose $300,
> > or 2.5 percent, to $12,150 a metric ton as of 6:08 p.m. local
time. The
> > metal has gained 60 percent in the last year as LME-monitored
inventories
> > fell 32 percent.
> >
> > Solder accounted for almost 50 percent of global consumption in
2005, from
> > 46 percent in 2004, ITRI said. ITRI will release detailed survey
results for
> > 2006 later this month.
> >
> > Most electronics manufacturers have moved to using solder with a
tin
> > content of more than 90 percent, from about 62 percent
previously, as they
> > replace lead, Kettle said.
> >
> > ITRI, formerly known as the International Tin Research
Institute, is
> > funded by tin producers and has analyzed the metal for 74 years.
> >
> > ITRI's results take into account all known official and
unofficial
> > statistics on tin consumption and draw on a large- scale survey
of more than
> > 66 large tin consumers carried out by ITRI in the second half of
2006.
> >
> > To contact the reporter on this story: Brett Foley in London at
> > [EMAIL PROTECTED] .
> > *Last Updated: February 8, 2007 13:12 EST*
> >
> > [image: Print]
> >
> > Terms of Service <http://www.bloomber g.com/notices/ tos.html>|
Privacy
> > Policy <http://www.bloomber g.com/notices/ privacy.html> |
Trademarks<http://www.bloomber g.com/notices/ trademarks. html>
> >
> >
>
<!--
#ygrp-mlmsg {font-size:13px;font-family:arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;}
#ygrp-mlmsg table {font-size:inherit;font:100%;}
#ygrp-mlmsg select, input, textarea {font:99% arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;}
#ygrp-mlmsg pre, code {font:115% monospace;}
#ygrp-mlmsg * {line-height:1.22em;}
#ygrp-text{
font-family:Georgia;
}
#ygrp-text p{
margin:0 0 1em 0;
}
#ygrp-tpmsgs{
font-family:Arial;
clear:both;
}
#ygrp-vitnav{
padding-top:10px;
font-family:Verdana;
font-size:77%;
margin:0;
}
#ygrp-vitnav a{
padding:0 1px;
}
#ygrp-actbar{
clear:both;
margin:25px 0;
white-space:nowrap;
color:#666;
text-align:right;
}
#ygrp-actbar .left{
float:left;
white-space:nowrap;
}
.bld{font-weight:bold;}
#ygrp-grft{
font-family:Verdana;
font-size:77%;
padding:15px 0;
}
#ygrp-ft{
font-family:verdana;
font-size:77%;
border-top:1px solid #666;
padding:5px 0;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg #logo{
padding-bottom:10px;
}
#ygrp-vital{
background-color:#e0ecee;
margin-bottom:20px;
padding:2px 0 8px 8px;
}
#ygrp-vital #vithd{
font-size:77%;
font-family:Verdana;
font-weight:bold;
color:#333;
text-transform:uppercase;
}
#ygrp-vital ul{
padding:0;
margin:2px 0;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li{
list-style-type:none;
clear:both;
border:1px solid #e0ecee;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li .ct{
font-weight:bold;
color:#ff7900;
float:right;
width:2em;
text-align:right;
padding-right:.5em;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li .cat{
font-weight:bold;
}
#ygrp-vital a {
text-decoration:none;
}
#ygrp-vital a:hover{
text-decoration:underline;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #hd{
color:#999;
font-size:77%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov{
padding:6px 13px;
background-color:#e0ecee;
margin-bottom:20px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov ul{
padding:0 0 0 8px;
margin:0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li{
list-style-type:square;
padding:6px 0;
font-size:77%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li a{
text-decoration:none;
font-size:130%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #nc {
background-color:#eee;
margin-bottom:20px;
padding:0 8px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad{
padding:8px 0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad #hd1{
font-family:Arial;
font-weight:bold;
color:#628c2a;
font-size:100%;
line-height:122%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad a{
text-decoration:none;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad a:hover{
text-decoration:underline;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad p{
margin:0;
}
o {font-size:0;}
.MsoNormal {
margin:0 0 0 0;
}
#ygrp-text tt{
font-size:120%;
}
blockquote{margin:0 0 0 4px;}
.replbq {margin:4;}
-->
____________________________________________________________________________________
It's here! Your new message!
Get new email alerts with the free Yahoo! Toolbar.
http://tools.search.yahoo.com/toolbar/features/mail/
